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On Non-Resistance
¹«ÀúÇ׿¡ °üÇÏ¿©
TOLSTOY'S LETTER TO
ERNEST HOWARD
CROSBY*
January 12, 1896
Translated by
Professor Leo Wiener (1905) |
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My Dear Crosby: — I am very glad to hear of
your activity and that it is beginning to attract
attention. Fifty years ago
Garrison's proclamation of
non-resistance only cooled people toward him,
and the whole fifty years' activity of
Ballou in this direction was met with stubborn
silence. I read with great pleasure in *Peace*
the beautiful ideas of the American authors in
regard to non-resistance. I make an exception
only in the case of Mr. Bemis's old, unfounded
opinion, which calumniates Christ in assuming that
Christ's expulsion of the cattle from the temple
means that he struck the men with a whip, and
commanded his disciples to do likewise.
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Ä£¾ÖÇÏ´Â Å©·Î½ººñ´Ô — ³ª´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ
Ȱµ¿À» µè°Ô µÇ¾î ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ °ü½ÉÀ» ²ø±â ½ÃÀÛÇØ¼ Á¤¸» ±â»Þ´Ï´Ù. ¿À½Ê ³â Àü °³¸®½¼ÀÇ
¹«ÀúÇ× ¼±¾ðÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¸¦ ÇâÇØ¼ ³Ã´ãÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µé¾ú½À´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº
¹æÇâ¿¡¼ ¹ß·çÀÇ Àüü ¿À½Ê ³â °£ÀÇ È°µ¿µµ ¿Ï°íÇÑ Ä§¹¬¿¡ ºÀÂøÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ³ª´Â ÆòÈ¿¡¼
Ä¿´Ù¶õ Áñ°Å¿òÀ¸·Î ¹«ÀúÇ׿¡ °ü·ÃÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ ÀÛ°¡µéÀÇ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç»óµéÀ» Àоú½À´Ï´Ù. ³ª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷
Mr. BemisÀÇ ÄÉÄɹ¬°í ±Ù°Å ¾ø´Â ÀǰßÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿¹¿Ü¸¦ µÎ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±× ³»¿ëÀº
±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¼ºÀüÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °¡ÃàÀ» ¸ô¾Æ³½ °ÍÀº ±×°¡ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ȸÃʸ®·Î ¶§¸° °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇϸç,
±×ÀÇ Á¦Àڵ鿡°Ô ¶È°°ÀÌ ÇàÇ϶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¸é¼ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ Áß»óÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
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The ideas
expressed by these writers, especially by H.
Newton and G. Herron, are beautiful, but it is to
be regretted that they do not answer the question
which Christ put before men, but answer the
question which the so-called orthodox teachers of
the churches, the chief and most dangerous enemies
of Christianity, have put in its place.
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À̵é ÀÛ°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©, ƯÈ÷ H.
Newton ¹× G. Herron¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©, Ç¥¸íµÈ »ç»óµéÀº ÈǸ¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù, ±×·¯³ª À¯°¨½º·¯¿î
ÀÏÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍµéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ »ç¶÷µé ¾Õ¿¡ Á¦½ÃÇÑ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ë´äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ±×¸®°í °¡Àå À§ÇèÇÑ ÀûµéÀÎ, ¼ÒÀ§ ±³È¸ÀÇ Á¤ÅëÆÄ ±³»çµéÀÌ, ±× ´ë½Å¿¡
Á¦½ÃÇÑ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
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Mr. Higginson
says that the law of non-resistance is not
admissible as a general rule. H. Newton says that
the practical results of the application of
Christ's teaching will depend on the degree of
faith which men will have in this teaching.
Mr. C. Martyn assumes that the stage at which we
are is not yet suited for the application of the
teaching about non-resistance. G. Herron says
that in order to fulfil the law of non-resistance,
it is necessary to learn to apply it to life.
Mrs. Livermore says the same, thinking that the
fulfilment of the law of non-resistance is
possible only in the future. |
Mr. HigginsonÀº ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ
¹ýÀÌ ÀϹÝÀû ±ÔÄ¢À¸·Î¼ Çã¿ëµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. H. NewtonÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
°¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àû¿ëÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦Àû °á°úµéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ ¾È¿¡¼ °¡Áö°Ô µÇ´Â ½Å¾ÓÀÇ Á¤µµ¿¡
´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Mr. C. MartynÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ Ã³ÇØÀÖ´Â ´Ü°è´Â ¾ÆÁ÷
¹«ÀúÇ׿¡ °üÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àû¿ë¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. G. Herron´Â ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ
¹ýÀ» ¼ºÃëÇϱâ À§Çؼ´Â, ±×°ÍÀ» »î¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÔÀ» ¹è¿ì´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Mrs.
Livermore´Â ¶È°°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹ýÀÇ ¼ºÃë´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹Ì·¡¿¡³ª °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í
»ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. |
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All these
opinions treat only the question as to what would
happen to people if all were put to the necessity
of fulfilling the law of non-resistance; but, in
the first place, it is quite impossible to compel
all men to accept the law of non-resistance, and,
in the second, if this were possible, it would be
a most glaring negation of the very principle
which is being established. To compel all men not
to practise violence against others! Who is going
to compel men? |
ÀÌ ¸ðµç ÀǰߵéÀº ¸¸ÀÏ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ¿Ï¼öÇÒ Çʿ信 Ã³ÇØÁø´Ù¸é »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹«½¼ ÀÏÀÌ »ý±æ °ÍÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áú¹® ¸¸À»
´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù; ±×·¯³ª, ù ¹øÂ°·Î, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀ̵µ·Ï °Á¦ÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀº ½ÉÈ÷ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í µÎ ¹øÂ°·Î, ¸¸ÀÏ À̰ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù¸é, ±ÔÁ¤µÇ¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â
¹Ù·Î ±× ¿ø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸í¾à°üÈÇÑ ºÎÁ¤ÀÏ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Æø·ÂÀ»
Çà»çÇÏÁö ¸» °ÍÀ» °Á¦ÇÏ´Â °Í! ´©°¡ »ç¶÷µéÀ» °Á¦ÇÒ °ÍÀԴϱî? |
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In the third
place, and above all else, the question, as put by
Christ, does not consist in this, whether
non-resistance may become a universal law for all
humanity, but what each man must do in order to
fulfil his destiny, to save his soul, and do God's
work, which reduces itself to the same.
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¼¼ ¹øÂ°·Î, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ,
±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾úµíÀÌ, ¹®Á¦´Â À̰Ϳ¡, Áï ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÌ ¸ðµç ÀηùÀÇ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¹ýÀÌ µÉ
°ÍÀΰ¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °¢±â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À»
±¸Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇàÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çϴ°¡¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº ¶È°°Àº °ÍÀ¸·Î ±Í°áµÇ¾î ¹ö¸®°í ¸¿´Ï´Ù. |
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The Christian
teaching does not prescribe any laws for all men;
it does not say, "follow such and such rules under
fear of punishment, and you will all be happy,"
but explains to each separate man his position
in the world and shows him what for him personally
results from this position. The Christian
teaching says to each individual man that his
life, if he recognizes his life to be his, and its
aim, the worldly good of his personality or of the
personalities of other men, can have no rational
meaning, because this good, posited as the end of
life, can never be attained, because, in the first
place, all beings strive after the goods of the
worldly life, and these goods are always attained
by one set of beings to the detriment of others,
so that every separate man cannot receive the
desired good, but, in all probability, must even
endure many unnecessary sufferings in his struggle
for these unattained goods; in the second place,
because if a man even attains the worldly goods,
these, the more of them he attains, satisfy him
less and less, and he wishes for more and more new
ones; in the third place, mainly because the
longer a man lives, the more inevitably do old age
, diseases, and finally death, which destroys the
possibility of any worldly good, come to him.
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±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
¾î¶² ¹ýÄ¢µéÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù; "ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, "±×·¸°í ±×·± ±ÔÄ¢µéÀ»
ó¹úÀÇ µÎ·Á¿ò¿¡µµ ÀÌÇàÇ϶ó, ±×·¯¸é ³ÊÈñ´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇູÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù," ±×·¯³ª, °¢ÀÚ
°³º°ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¼¼»ó¿¡¼ ±×ÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØÁÖ°í ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ±×ÀÇ À§Ä¡·ÎºÎÅÍ
¹«¾ùÀÌ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´ÂÁö º¸¿©ÁÝ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº °¢ÀÚ °³º®ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ±×ÀÇ »î,
¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÌ Àڱ⠰ÍÀ̶ó°í ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×¸®°í ±× ¸ñÀû, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µé ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¼¼¼ÓÀû ÀÌÀÍÀº ¾Æ¹«·± ÇÕ¸®Àû Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù, ±×
ÀÌÀ¯´Â, ù°·Î, ¸ðµç Á¸ÀçµéÀº ¼¼¼ÓÀû »îÀÇ ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» Ãß±¸Çϸç; ±×¸®°í À̵é ÀÌÀ͵éÀº
¾ðÁ¦³ª ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ Á¸ÀçµéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¹«¸®¿¡°Ô ÇØ¸¦ ³¢Ä¡¸é¼ ¾ò¾î Áö±â ¶§¹®À̸ç, °á±¹ Á¦°¢±â
º°°³ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ù¶ó´Â ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯³ª, ¸ðµç °¡´É¼º¿¡¼, ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÌ¿Í
°°Àº ¾òÁö ¸øÇÑ ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» °®±â À§ÇÑ ÅõÀï¿¡¼ ¸¹Àº ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ °íÅëµéÀ» °ßµ®³»¾ß Çϱâ
¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù; µÑ°·Î, ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¸¸ÀÏ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¼¼¼ÓÀû ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» ¼ºÃëÇÑ´Ù°í Çϸé, ±×°¡
¼ºÃëÇϸé ÇÒ ¼ö·Ï, À̰͵éÀº ±×¿¡°Ô Á¡Á¡ ÀûÀº ¸¸Á·À» ÁÖ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ±×´Â ´õ¿í »õ·Î¿î °ÍµéÀ»
¹Ù¶ó°Ô µË´Ï´Ù; ¼Â°·Î, ÁÖµÈ ÀÌÀ¯·Î¼ »ç¶÷Àº ¿À·¡ »ì¸é »ì¼ö·Ï, ´õ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ë·É,
Áúº´µé, ±×¸®°í ¸¶Ä§³»´Â ¸ðµç ¼¼¼ÓÀû ÀÌÀÍÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â Á×À½ÀÌ, ±×¿¡°Ô ´Ù°¡¿À±â
¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
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Thus, if a man
considers his life to be his, and its end to be
the worldly good, for himself or for other men,
this life can have for him no rational meaning.
Life receives a rational meaning only when a man
understands that the recognition of his life as
his own, and the good of personality, of his own
or of that of others, as its end, is an error, and
that the human life does not belong to him, who
has received this life from some one, but to Him
who produced this life, and so its end must not
consist in the attainment of his own good or of
the good of others, but only in the fulfilment of
the will of Him who produced it. Only with
such a comprehension of life does it receive a
rational meaning, and its end, which consists in
the fulfilment of God's will, become attainable,
and, above all, only with such a comprehension
does man's activity become clearly defined, and he
no longer is subject to despair and suffering,
which were inevitable with his former
comprehension. |
±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, ¸¸ÀÏ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÌ
Àڱ⠰ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿©±ä´Ù¸é, ±×¸®°í ±× ¸ñÀûÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§ÇÑ ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼¼¼ÓÀû
ÀÌÀÍÀ̶ó¸é, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº »îÀº ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾Æ¹«·± ÇÕ¸®Àû Àǹ̸¦ °®Áö ¸øÇÕ´Ï´Ù. »îÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÌ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ»
±× ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î, ÀνÄÇÔÀº ¿À·ùÀ̸ç, ±×¸®°í Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ¼ÓÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×´Â
ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº »îÀ» ´©±¸¿¡°Ô·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹Þ¾Ò±â¿¡, ÀÌ·± »îÀ» âÁ¶ÇÑ ±×ºÐ¿¡°Ô ¼ÓÇϸç, ±×¸®°í
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±× ¸ñÀûÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÀÍ ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀÇ ¼ºÃë¿¡ À־Â
¾ÈµÇ¸ç, ±×·¯³ª ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀ» âÁ¶ÇϽŠ±×ºÐÀÇ ÀÇÁöÀÇ ¼ºÃë¿¡ ÀÖÀ½À», ±ú´ÞÀ» ¶§¿¡
ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áý´Ï´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ ±ú´ÞÀ½À¸·Î½á ±×°ÍÀº ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̸¦
°¡Áö¸ç, ±× ¸ñÀûÀÌ, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÇÁöÀÇ ¼ºÃë¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¼ºÃëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¸ç,
¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·¯ÇÑ ±ú´ÞÀ½À¸·Î »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡ ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô Á¤ÀÇµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ±×´Â ´õ
ÀÌ»ó, ±×ÀÇ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ±ú´ÞÀ½À¸·Î¼´Â ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø, Àý¸Á°ú °íÅë¿¡ Á¾¼ÓµÇÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù.
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"The world and I
in it," such a man says to himself, "exist by the
will of God. I cannot know the whole world and my
relation to it, but I can know what is wanted of
me by God, who sent men into this world, endless
in time and space, and therefore inaccessible to
my understanding, because this is revealed to me
in the tradition, that is, in the aggregate reason
of the best people in the world, who lived before
me, and in my reason, and in my heart, that is, in
the striving of my whole being. |
"¼¼»ó ±×¸®°í ±× ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³ª´Â",
±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº Àڽſ¡°Ô ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù, "Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ³ª´Â Àüü ¼¼»ó ±×¸®°í
±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ªÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ¾Ë ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª, ³ª´Â, ³ª¸¦ ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡ º¸³»½Å, ½Ã°£°ú °ø°£¿¡¼
¹«ÇÑÇϽÅ, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³ªÀÇ ±ú´ÞÀ½À¸·Î´Â Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â, Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³ª¿¡°Ô ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ
¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé À̰ÍÀº Àü½Â¿¡¼, Áï, ³ª ÀÌÀü¿¡ »ì¾Ò´ø ¼¼»ó¿¡¼ °¡Àå
ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁýÇÕµÈ À̼º¿¡¼, ±×¸®°í ³ªÀÇ À̼º ¾È¿¡¼, ±×¸®°í ³ªÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡¼, Áï,
³ªÀÇ Àüü Á¸ÀçÀÇ ¸öºÎ¸² ¾È¿¡¼ ³»°Ô µå·¯³ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
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"In the
tradition, the aggregate of the wisdom of all the
best men, who lived before me, I am told that I
must act toward others as I wish that others would
act toward me; my reason tells me that the
greatest good of men is possible only when all men
will act likewise. |
"Àü½Â, ³ªÀÇ ¾Õ¿¡ »ì¾Ò´ø, ¸ðµç °¡Àå
ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁöÇý ¾È¿¡¼, ³ª´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³ª¸¦ ÇâÇØ ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» ³»°¡ ¹Ù¶ó´Â
°Íó·³ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¸í·É ¹Þ½À´Ï´Ù; ³ªÀÇ À̼ºÀº ³ª¿¡°Ô, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °¡Àå Å«
¼±Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ÇൿÇÒ ¶§¿¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í, ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. |
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"My heart is at
peace and joyful only when I abandon myself to the
feeling of love for men, which demands the same.
And then I can not only know what I must do, but
also the cause for which my activity is necessary
and defined. |
"³ªÀÇ ¸¶À½Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ³»°¡ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÑ
»ç¶ûÀÇ ´À³¦¿¡ ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀ» Æ÷±âÇÒ ¶§¿¡ Æòȷοì¸ç Áñ°Ì½À´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× ´À³¦Àº ¶È°°Àº °ÍÀ»
¿ä±¸ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ³ª´Â ³»°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³ªÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç
Á¤ÀǵǴ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. |
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"I cannot grasp
the whole divine work, for which the world exists
and lives, but the divine work which is being
accomplished in this world and in which I am
taking part with my life is accessible to me.
This work is the destruction of the discord and of
the struggle among men and other beings, and the
establishment among men of the greatest union,
concord, and love; this work is the realization of
what the Jewish prophets promised, saying that the
time will come when all men shall be taught the
truth, when the spears shall be forged into
pruning-hooks, and the scythes and swords into
ploughshares, and when the lion shall lie with the
lamb." |
"³ª´Â ÀüüÀûÀÎ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¾÷À» ±ú´ÝÁö
¸øÇÕ´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» À§ÇØ ¼¼»óÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏ¸ç »ì¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼ ¼ºÃëµÇ´Â
±×¸®°í ³ªÀÇ »î°ú ÇÔ²² ÇÏ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¾÷Àº ³»°¡ Á¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ »ç¾÷Àº »ç¶÷µé ¹×
´Ù¸¥ Á¸ÀçµéÀÇ »çÀÌÀÇ ºÒÈ¿Í ÅõÀïÀÇ ÆÄ±â¿Í, »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ °¡Àå Å« ¿¬ÇÕ, ÈÇÕ ¹×
»ç¶ûÀÇ È®¸³ÀÔ´Ï´Ù; ÀÌ »ç¾÷Àº À¯´ë±³ÀÇ ¼±ÁöÀÚµéÀÌ ¾à¼ÓÇÏ¿´´ø, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Áø¸®¸¦
¹è¿ì°í, âµéÀ» Ãļ ³´µéÀ» ¸¸µé°í, ½Î¿ò ³´°ú Ä®µéÀ» Ãļ Àï±â¸¦ ¸¸µé¸ç, »çÀÚ°¡ ¾ç°ú
ÇÔ²² ´©¿ö ÀÖ´Â ¶§°¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀÇ ½ÇÇöÀÔ´Ï´Ù." |
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Thus, the man of
the Christian comprehension of life not only knows
how he must act in life, but also what he must do.
|
±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀû
±ú´ÞÀ½À» °¡Áø »ç¶÷Àº ±×°¡ »î ¾È¿¡¼ ¾î¶»°Ô ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇàÇÒ
°ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
|
He must do what
contributes to the establishment of the kingdom of
God in the world. To do this, a man must fulfil
the inner demands of God's will, that is, he must
act amicably toward others, as he would like
others to do to him. Thus the inner demands of a
man's soul coincide with that external end of life
which is placed before him. |
»ç¶÷Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ¼¼»ó¿¡¼ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÇ
¼³¸³¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» Çϱâ À§Çؼ, »ç¶÷Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÇÁöÀÇ
³»ÀûÀÎ ¿ä±¸µéÀ» ¿Ï¼öÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù, Áï, ±×´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã, ±×°¡ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ»
¿øÇϵíÀÌ, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© ¿ìÈ£ÀûÀ¸·Î Çàµ¿ÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÎ
¿ä±¸µéÀº ±×ÀÇ ¾Õ¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â ±×¿Í °°Àº »îÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀû¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. |
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And here though
we have an indication which is so clear to a man
of the Christian comprehension, and incontestable
from two sides, as to what the meaning and end of
human life consists in, and how a man must act,
and what he must do, and what not, there appear
certain people, who call themselves Christians,
who decide that in such and such cases a man must
depart from God's law and the common cause of
life, which are given to him, and must act
contrary to the law and the common cause of life,
because, according to their ratiocination, the
consequences of the acts committed according to
God's law may be profitless and disadvantageous
for men. |
±×¸®°í ¿©±â¼ ºñ·Ï ¿ì¸®°¡, Àΰ£ÀÇ
»îÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ¸ñÀûÀº ¹«¾ù¿¡ Àִ°¡, ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷Àº ¾î¶»°Ô Çàµ¿ÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çϴ°¡, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùÀ»
ÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çϴ°¡, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß Çϴ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾çÃøÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³í¶õÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Â
±×¸®½ºµµÀû ±ú´ÞÀ½À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª ¸í¹éÇÑ ¿¹½Ã¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×·¸°í ±×·±
°æ¿ìµé¿¡´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ý°ú Àڱ⿡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø »îÀÇ °øÅëÀÇ ¿øÀο¡¼ ¶°³ª¾ß Çϸç,
¹Ýµå½Ã ¹ý°ú »îÀÇ °øÅëÀÇ ¿øÀο¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇ¾î ÇൿÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ´ÜÁ¤ÇÏ´Â, ÀÚĪ
±×¸®½ºµµÀεéÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾î º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±×µéÀÇ Ã߷п¡ µû¸£¸é,
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ý¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ÇàÇØÁø ÇàÀ§µéÀÇ °á°úµéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§Çؼ ¼ÒµæÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ºÒ¸®Çϱâ
¶§¹®ÀÏ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
|
Man, according
to the Christian teaching, is God's workman. The
workman does not know his master's whole business,
but the nearest aim to be attained by his work is
revealed to him, and he is given definite
indications as to what he should do; especially
definite are the indications as to what he must
not do, in order that he may not work against the
aim for the attainment of which he was sent to
work. In everything else he is given complete
liberty. And so for a man who has grasped the
Christian conception of life the meaning of his
life is clear and rational, and he cannot have a
moment of wavering as to how he should act in life
and what he ought to do, in order to fulfil the
destiny of his life. |
»ç¶÷Àº, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé,
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀϲÛÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀϲÛÀº ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀÎÀÇ Àüü »ç¾÷À» ¸ð¸¨´Ï´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ ÀϷμ
´Þ¼ºµÇ´Â °¡Àå ±ÙÁ¢ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô µå·¯³ª¸ç, ±×¿¡°Ô´Â ±×°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¸íÈ®ÇÑ Ç¥½ÃµéÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁý´Ï´Ù; Ưº°È÷ ¸íÈ®ÇÑ °ÍÀº, ±×°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÏÇϵµ·Ï ¸Ã°ÜÁø ¸ñÀûÀÇ
´Þ¼º¿¡ ¹Ý´ë·Î ÀÏÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ±×°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß Çϴ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¿¹½ÃµéÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±× ¿ÜÀÇ ¸ðµç °Í¿¡¼ ±×¿¡°Ô´Â ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯°¡ ÁÖ¾îÁý´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀû
°³³äÀÇ »îÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô À־ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¸í¹éÇϰí ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÔ´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ
»îÀÇ ¼÷¸íÀ» ¿Ï¼öÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ±×¿¡°Ô´Â ±×°¡ »î¿¡¼ ¾î¶»°Ô Çàµ¿ÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çϴ°¡¿¡ ±×¸®°í ±×°¡
¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çϴ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ÇÑ ¼ø°£ÀÇ Èçµé¸²µµ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. |
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According to the
law given him in the tradition, in his reason, and
in his heart, a man must always act toward another
as he wishes to have done to him: he must
contribute to the establishment of love and union
among men; but according to the decision of these
far-sighted people, a man must, while the
fulfilment of the law, according to their opinion,
is still premature, do violence, deprive of
liberty, kill people, and with this contribute,
not to union of love, but to the irritation and
enragement of people. It is as though a mason,
who is put to do certain definite work, who knows
that he is taking part with others in the building
of a house, and who has a clear and indubitable
command from the master himself that is to lay a
wall, should receive the command from other masons
like him, who, like him, do not know the general
plan of the structure and what is useful for the
common work, to stop laying the wall, and to undo
the work of the others. |
Àü½Â ¾È¿¡¼, ±×ÀÇ À̼º ¾È¿¡¼,
±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¸¶À½ ¾È¿¡¼ À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ±×¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø ¹ý¿¡ µû¸£¸é, »ç¶÷Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ¾ðÁ¦³ª
±×¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØÁ³À¸¸é ÇÏ°í ¹Ù¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» ÇâÇØ¼µµ ÇàÇØÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù: ±×´Â
¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ »ç¶û°ú ¿¬ÇÕÀÇ È®¸³¿¡ ±â¿©ÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ÀÌµé ¾ÕÀ» ³»´Ùº¸´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ °áÁ¤¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¹ýÀÇ ¼ºÃë´Â ±×µéÀÇ Àǰ߿¡ µû¸£¸é ¾ÆÁ÷ À̸¥ ¹Ý¸é¿¡, »ç¶÷Àº
¹Ýµå½Ã Æø·ÂÀ» ÇàÇϰí, ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ¹ÚÅ»Çϸç, »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇϰí, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ±â¿©·Î¼, »ç¶ûÀÇ
¿¬ÇÕÀ¸·Î°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÃÊÁ¶ÇÔ°ú ºÐ³ë·Î ÇâÇØÁ®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡,
¾î¶² ¼®°øÀÌ, ¾î¶² ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ÀÏÀ» ºÎ¿© ¹Þ°í, ÁýÀÇ °ÇÃà¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé°ú ÇÔ²²
Âü¿©Çϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ù·Î ÁÖÀÎÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸í¹éÇϸç ÀÇȤÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Â, ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é
º®À» ½×À¸¶ó´Â ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ½¿¡µµ, ±×¿Í °°ÀÌ ±¸Á¶¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ °èȹÀ» ¸ð¸£¸ç °øµ¿ÀÇ
ÀÛ¾÷À» À§ÇÏ¿© ¹«¾ùÀÌ À¯¿ëÇÑÁöµµ ¸ð¸£´Â,±×¿Í °°Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¼®°øµé·ÎºÎÅÍ º®À» ½×±â¸¦ Áß´ÜÇ϶ó´Â
¸í·ÉÀ» ¹Þ°í, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷À» ¸ÁÄ¡´Â °Í°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù. |
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Wonderful
delusion! The being that breathes today and
disappears tomorrow, that has one definite,
incontestable law given to him, as to how he is to
pass his short term of life, imagines that he
knows what is necessary and useful and appropriate
for all men, for the whole world, for that world
which moves without cessation, and goes on
developing, and in the name of this usefulness,
which is differently understood by each of them,
he prescribes to himself and to others for a time
to depart from the unquestionable law, which is
given to him and to all men, and not to act toward
all men as he wants others to act toward him, not
to bring love into the world, but to practise
violence, to deprive of freedom, to punish, to
kill, to introduce malice into the world, when it
is found that this is necessary. And he enjoins
us to do so knowing that the most terrible
cruelties, tortures, murders of men, from the
Inquisitions and punishments and terrors of all
the revolutions to the present bestialities of the
anarchists and the massacres of them, have all
proceeded from this, that men suppose that they
know what people and the world need; knowing that
at any given moment there are always two opposite
parties, each of which asserts that it is
necessary to use violence against the opposite
party, — the men of state against the anarchists,
the anarchists against the men of state; the
English against the Americans, the Americans
against the English; the English against the
Germans; and so forth, in all possible
combinations and permutations. |
³î¶ó¿î ±â¸¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù! ¿À´Ã ¼û½¬´Ù°¡
³»ÀÏÀÌ¸é »ç¶óÁö´Â, ªÀº »îÀÇ ±â°£À» ¾î¶»°Ô º¸³»¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ, ¸íÈ®ÇÏ¸ç ±×¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø
³í¹ÚÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¹ýÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â Á¸Àç°¡, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô, Àüü ¼¼»óÀ» À§ÇÏ¿©, ½° ¾øÀÌ
¿òÁ÷ÀÌ¸ç °è¼ÓÇØ¼ ¹ßÀüÇÏ´Â ±×¿Í °°Àº ¼¼»óÀ» À§ÇÏ¿©, ÇÊ¿äÇϸç,À¯ÀÍÇϰí ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í
ÀÖ´Ù°í »ó»óÇϸç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À¯ÀÍÇÔÀ̶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î, ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×µé °¢ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ´Þ¸® ÀÌÇØµÇ°í
ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ, ±×´Â ÀÚ±â Àڽſ¡°Ô ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àǹ®ÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Â, ±×¿Í ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø, ¹ýÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ´çºÐ°£ ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¶ó°í, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô
ÇàÇϱ⸦ ±×°¡ ¿øÇÏ´Â ´ë·Î ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© ÇàÇÏÁö ¸» °ÍÀ», ¼¼»ó¿¡ »ç¶ûÀ» °¡Á®´Ù
ÁÖÁö ¸» °ÍÀ», ±×·¯³ª Æø·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇϰí, ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ¹ÚÅ»Çϸç, ó¹úÇϰí, »ìÇØÇϰí, ¼¼»ó¿¡
ÇØ¾ÇÀ» °¡Á®´Ù ÁÙ °ÍÀ», ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀÏÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁú ¶§¸é, ¸í·ÉÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô, °¡Àå ¹«¼¿î ÀÜÇÐ ÇàÀ§µé, °í¹®µé, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »ìÀεéÀÌ, Á¾±³ÀçÆÇ
±×¸®°í óÇüµé ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç Çõ¸íµéÀÇ °øÆ÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ, ÇöÀçÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµé ±×¸®°í ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
´ëÇлì°ú °°Àº ÇöÀçÀÇ ÀÜÇÐ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, ¸ðµÎ°¡ À̰ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁøÇàµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, »ç¶÷µéÀº
±×µéÀÌ »ç¶÷µé°ú ¼¼°è°¡ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù°í »ó»óÇϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ; ¾î¶²
ÁÖ¾îÁø ¼ø°£¿¡µµ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ´ëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ½Ö¹æÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µé °¢ÀÚ´Â ´ëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â »ó´ë¹æ¿¡°Ô -
±¹°¡ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ°ú ´ëÄ¡ÇÏ¿©, ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ±¹°¡ÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ´ëÄ¡ÇÏ¿©; ¿µ±¹ÀÌ
¹Ì±¹°ú ´ëÄ¡ÇÏ¿©, ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ¿µ±¹°ú ´ëÄ¡ÇÏ¿©; ¿µ±¹ÀÌ µ¶ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÄ¡ÇÏ¿©, µîµî, ¸ðµç °¡´ÉÇÑ
Á¶ÇÕ°ú ¼ø¿ ¾È¿¡¼ - Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼µµ,
±×ó·³ ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù. |
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Not only does a
man of the Christian concept of life see clearly
by reflection that there is no ground whatever for
his departure from the law of his life, as clearly
indicated to him by God, in order to follow the
accidental, frail, frequently contradictory
demands of men; but if he has been living the
Christian life for some time, and has developed in
himself the Christian moral sensitiveness, he can
positively not act as people demand that he shall,
not only as the result of reflection, but also of
feeling. |
±×¸®½ºµµÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷Àº,
Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×¿¡°Ô ¸í¹éÈ÷ Áö½ÃµÈ ´ë·ÎÀÇ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹ýÀ»À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ¿ì¹ßÀûÀ̸ç,
³ª¾àÇϸç, ¸ð¼øÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀ» µû¶ó°¡±â À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÌÅ»ÇÔÀÌ µµ´ëü ¾Æ¹«·± ±Ù°Å°¡ ¾øÀ½À»
½É»ç¼÷°í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸í¹éÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó; ¸¸ÀÏ, ¾ó¸¶ µ¿¾È ±×¸®½ºµµÀû »îÀ» »ì°í
ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÚ±â ÀڽŠ¾È¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀû µµ´öÀÇ ¹Î°¨¼ºÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ×´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ´Ü¿¬ÄÚ,
½É»ç¼÷°íÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´À³¦À¸·Îµµ, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ´ë·Î
ÇàÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. |
|
As it is for
many men of our world impossible to subject a
child to torture and to kill it, though such a
torture may save a hundred other people, so a
whole series of acts becomes impossible for a man
who has developed the Christian sensitiveness of
his heart in himself. A Christian, for example,
who is compelled to take part in court
proceedings, where a man may be sentenced to
capital punishment, to take part in matters of
forcible seizure of other people's property, in
discussions about the declaration of war, or in
preparations for the same, to say nothing of war
itself, finds himself in the same position in
which a good man would be, if he were compelled to
torture or kill a child. It is not that he
decides by reflection what he ought not to do, but
that he cannot do what is demanded of him, because
for a man there exists the moral impossibility,
just as there is a physical impossibility, of
committing certain acts. Just as it is impossible
for a man to lift up a mountain, as it is
impossible for a good man to kill a child, so it
is impossible for a man who lives a Christian life
to take part in violence. Of what significance
for such a man can be the reflections that for
some imaginary good he must do what has become
morally impossible for him? |
¿ì¸® ¼¼°èÀÇ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Àڳฦ
°í¹®ÇÏ°í ±×¸¦ »ìÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Íó·³, ºñ·Ï ±×·± °í¹®ÀÌ ¹é ¸íÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ»
±¸ÇÒÁö¶óµµ, ÀÚ±â ÀڽŠ¾È¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×¸®½ºµµÀûÀÎ ¹Î°¨¼ºÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃŲ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô
À־µ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÀûÀÎ ¿¬¼Óµéµµ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µË´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ±×°¡
¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ »çÇü¿¡ Ã³ÇØÁöµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¼Ò¼ÛÀýÂ÷¿¡ Âü¿©Çϵµ·Ï, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
°¾ÐÀûÀÎ ¾Ð¼ö¿¡ Âü¿©Çϵµ·Ï, ÀüÀïÀÇ ¼±Æ÷¿¡ °üÇÑ Åä·Ð¿¡, ¶Ç´Â, ÀüÀï ±× ÀÚü´Â ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ
¾øÀÌ, ÀüÀïÀÇ Áغñ¿¡ °üÇÑ Åä·Ð¿¡ Âü¿©Çϵµ·Ï °¿ä ¹ÞÀ¸¸é, ±×°¡ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ °í¹®ÇÏ°í »ìÇØÇϵµ·Ï
°¿ä ´çÇÒ ¶§ÀÇ ÇÑ ¼±·®ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼ ±×·¯ÇÑ °Íó·³ ÀÚ±â Àڽŵµ ¶È°°ÀÌ Ã³½ÅÇÒ
°ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ±×°¡ ´ç¿¬È÷ ÇØ¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ½É»ç¼÷°í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °áÁ¤ÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
»ç¶÷¿¡°Ô À־Â, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ½ÅüÀû ºÒ´ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, µµ´öÀû
ºÒ´Éµµ Á¸ÀçÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ±×´Â Àڽſ¡°Ô ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÌ
»êÀ» µé¾î ¿Ã¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °Íó·³, ¼±·®ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ »ìÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ
°Íó·³, ±×¸®½ºµµÀû »îÀ» »ç´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ Æø·Â¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¹«½¼ Á߿伺
¶§¹®¿¡ ±×¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾î¶² »ó»óÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ±×¿¡°Ô µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϰÔ
µÇ¾î¹ö¸° °ÍÀ» ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×°¡ ÇàÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â ±íÀº »ý°¢ÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°Ú½À´Ï±î? |
|
How, then, is a
man to act when he sees the obvious harm of
following the law of love and the law of
non-resistance, which results from it? How is a
man to act — this example is always adduced — when
a robber in his sight kills or injures a child,
and when the child cannot be saved otherwise than
by killing the robber? |
±×·¸´Ù¸é, »ç¶÷Àº »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ý ±×¸®°í
¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹ýÀ» µû¸§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ±×¸®°í ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â, ¸í¹éÇÑ ÇØ·Î¿òÀ» º¼ ¶§¿¡, ¾î¶»°Ô
Çàµ¿ÇØ¾ß Çմϱî? À̰ÍÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¦±âµË´Ï´Ù - ±×°¡ º¼ ¶§¿¡ ¾î¶² °µµ°¡ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ »ìÇØÇϰųª
´ÙÄ¡°Ô ÇÒ ¶§¿¡, ±×¸®°í °µµ¸¦ »ìÇØÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼´Â ¾ÆÀ̰¡ ±¸Á¶µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ» ¶§¿¡, »ç¶÷Àº
¾î¶»°Ô ÇൿÇÏ¿©¾ß Çմϱî? |
|
It is generally
assumed that, when they adduce such an example,
there can be no other answer to the question than
that the robber ought to be killed, in order that
the child be saved. But this answer is given so
emphatically and so quickly only because we are
not only in the habit of acting in this manner in
the case of the defence of a child, but also in
the case of the expansion of the borders of a
neighbouring state to the detriment of our own, or
in the case of the transportation of lace across
the border, or even in the case of the defence of
the fruits of our garden against depredations by
passers-by. |
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î, ±×µéÀÌ ±×¿Í °°Àº ¿¹¸¦
Á¦±âÇÒ ¶§¿¡, ¾ÆÀ̰¡ ±¸Á¶µÇ·Á¸é °µµ°¡ »ìÇØµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í ¸»°í´Â Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀÌ
ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í, °¡Á¤µË´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ´ë´äÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ´ÜÈ£ÇÏ°Ô ±×¸®°í ³Ê¹«³ª ½Å¼ÓÇϰÔ
ÁÖ¾îÁý´Ï´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ¹æ¾îÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ¿ô ±¹°¡°¡ ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
±¹°æµéÀ» ħ¹üÀ» ÅëÇÑ È®ÀåÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡, ¶Ç´Â Ȳ±ÝÁÙÀ» ±¹°æ ³Ê¸Ó·Î ¼ö¼ÛÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡, ¶Ç´Â
½ÉÁö¾î ÇàÀεéÀÇ ¾àÅ»¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸® Á¤¿øÀÇ °úÀϵéÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡µµ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇÏ´Â ½À°üÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
|
It is assumed
that it is necessary to kill the robber in order
to save the child, but we need only stop and think
on what ground a man should act thus, be he a
Christian or a non-Christian, to convince
ourselves that such an act can have no rational
foundations, and is considered necessary only
because two thousand years ago such a mode of
action was considered just and people were in the
habit of acting thus. Why should a non-Christian,
who does not recognize God and the meaning of life
in the fulfilment of His will, kill the robber, in
defending the child? To say nothing of this, that
in killing the robber he is certainly killing, but
does not know for certain until the very last
moment whether the robber will kill the child or
not, to say nothing of this irregularity: who has
decided that the life of the child is more
necessary and better than the life of the robber?
|
¾ÆÀ̸¦ ±¸Çϱâ À§ÇØ °µµ¸¦ »ìÇØÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í °¡Á¤µÇÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾î¶² ±Ù°Å·Î ±×¿Í °°ÀÌ Çàµ¿ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡
´ëÇÏ¿©, ±×°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÌµç ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ïµç, ¿À·ÎÁö ¸ØÃß¾î »ý°¢ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
°á±¹ ±×·± ÇàÀ§´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ÇÕ¸®Àû ±Ù°ÅµéÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ¾øÀ½À» È®½ÅÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ Ãµ³â
Àü¿¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ Çൿ ¾ç»óÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ·Ó´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁ³À¸¸ç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¿Í °°ÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â ½À°üÀÌ µé¾ú±â
¶§¹®¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù°í °¡Á¤µË´Ï´Ù. Çϳª´Ô°ú ±×ºÐÀÇ ÀÇÁöÀÇ ¼ºÃë¿¡ µû¸¥ »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦
ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ »ç¶÷Àº, ¿Ö ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ¹æ¾îÇÔ¿¡¼ °µµ¸¦ »ìÇØÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çմϱî?
À̰ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÒ Çʿ䵵 ¾øÀÌ, °µµ¸¦ »ìÇØÇÔ¿¡¼ ±×´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ »ìÇØÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¹Ù·Î °¡Àå
¸¶Áö¸· ¼ø°£±îÁö °µµ°¡ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ Á×ÀÏ °ÍÀÎÁö ¾Æ´ÑÁö¸¦ È®½ÇÈ÷ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÕ´Ï´Ù, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº
ºÒ±ÔÄ¢¼ºÀº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù: ´©°¡ ¾ÆÀÌÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûÀÌ °µµÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûº¸´Ùµµ ´õ¿í ÇÊ¿äÇϸç
Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í °áÁ¤ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï±î? |
|
If a
non-Christian does not recognize God, and does not
consider the meaning of life to consist in the
fulfilment of God's will, it is only calculation,
that is, the consideration as to what is more
profitable for him and for all men, the
continuation of the robber's life or that of the
child, which guides the choice of his acts. But
to decide this, he must know what will become of
the child which he saves, and what would become of
the robber if he did not kill him. But that he
cannot know. And so, if he is a non- Christian,
he has not rational foundation for saving the
child through the death of the robber.
|
¸¸ÀÏ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ »ç¶÷ÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀ»
ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, »îÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀÇ ¼ºÃë¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
½É»ç¼÷°í, Áï, ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿©, °µµÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûÀÇ À¯Áö ¶Ç´Â
¾ÆÀÌÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûÀÇ À¯Áö Áß¿¡¼ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ´õ ÀÌÀÍÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í·ÁÀÏ »ÓÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ±×ÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÇ
¼±ÅÃÀ» ÀεµÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀ» °áÁ¤Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ±×´Â ±×°¡ ±¸ÇÑ ±× ¾ÆÀÌ¿¡°Ô ¹«½¼ ÀÏÀÌ
ÀϾ Áö, ±×¸®°í ±×°¡ °µµ¸¦ Á×ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é ±×¿¡°Ô ¹«½¼ ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾÁö, ¹Ýµå½Ã ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß
ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¡¼, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é,
±×´Â °µµÀÇ Á×À½À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ±¸ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ±Ù°Å¸¦ °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÕ´Ï´Ù. |
|
But if the man
is a Christian, and so recognizes God and sees the
meaning of life in the fulfilment of His will, no
matter what terrible robber may attack any
innocent and beautiful child, he has still less
cause to depart from the law given him by God and
to do to the robber what the robber wants to do to
the child; he may implore the robber, may place
his body between the robber and his victim, but
there is one thing he cannot do, — he cannot
consciously depart from the law of God, the
fulfilment of which forms the meaning of his
life. It is very likely that, as the result of
his bad bringing up and of his animality, a man,
being a pagan or a Christian, will kill the
robber, not only in the defence of the child, but
also in his own defence or in the defence of his
purse, but that will by no means signify that it
is right to do so, that it is right to accustom
ourselves and others to think that that ought to
be done. |
±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ ±× »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀ̸ç,
±×·¡¼ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¸ç ±×ºÐÀÇ ÀÇÁöÀÇ ¼ºÃë¿¡¼ »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù¸é, ¾Æ¹«¸® ¹«¼¿î
°µµ°¡ ¾î´À ¼øÁøÇÏ°í ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¾ÆÀ̸¦ °ø°ÝÇÒÁö¶óµµ, ±×´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ÁØ
¹ýÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌÅ»ÇÏ¸ç °µµ°¡ ±× ¾ÆÀÌ¿¡°Ô ÇàÇϰíÀÚ Çß´ø °ÍÀ» °µµ¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÒ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ °ÅÀÇ
¾ø½À´Ï´Ù; ±×´Â ¾Æ¸¶ ±× °µµ¿¡°Ô ¾Ö¿øÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸öÀ» °µµ¿Í ±×ÀÇ Èñ»ýÀÚ »çÀÌ¿¡
¹Ð¾î ³Ö°ÚÁö¸¸, ±×°¡ ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù,
— ±×´Â ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ýÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌÅ»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀÇ
¼ºÃë°¡ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ Çü¼ºÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×°¡ ¾ÇÇÏ°Ô ¾çÀ°µÇ¾ú°Å³ª ±×ÀÇ µ¿¹°Àû º»¼ºÀÇ
°á°ú·Î¼, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ, À̱³µµÀÌµç ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀ̵ç, ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ¹æ¾îÇÔ¿¡¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÚ±â
ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹æ¾îÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¶Ç´Â ±×ÀÇ Áö°©À» ¹æ¾îÇÔ¿¡¼, °µµ¸¦ Á×ÀÏ °ÍÀ̳ª, ±×°ÍÀÌ °áÄÚ
±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇÔÀÌ ¿ÇÀ¸¸ç, ±×·± ÇàÀ§°¡ ´ç¿¬È÷ ÇàÇØÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϵµ·Ï ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀûÀÀÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿ÇÀ½À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù. |
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This will only
mean that, in spite of the external education and
Christianity, the habits of the stone age are
still strong in man, that he is capable of
committing acts which have long ago been disavowed
by his consciousness. A robber in my sight is
about to kill a child and I can save it by killing
the robber; consequently it is necessary under
certain conditions to resist evil with violence.
|
À̰ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷, ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ±³À° ¹×
±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ¼®±â ½Ã´ëÀÇ ½À¼ºµéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ »ç¶÷ ¾È¿¡ °ÇÏ°Ô ³²¾Æ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ
ÀǽĿ¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ºÎÁ¤µÈ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀúÁö¸¦ ´É·ÂÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ³»°¡ º¸±â¿¡
¾î¶² °µµ°¡ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ »ìÇØÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ¸ç ³ª´Â ±× °µµ¸¦ »ìÇØÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×¸¦ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù;
°á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »óȲµé¿¡¼´Â ¾ÇÀ» Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. |
|
A man is in
danger of his life and can be saved only through
my lie; consequently it is necessary in certain
cases to lie. A man is starving, and I cannot
save him otherwise than by stealing; consequently
it is necessary in certain cases to steal.
|
¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûÀÌ À§Çè¿¡ Ã³ÇØ
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿ÀÁ÷ ³ªÀÇ °ÅÁþ¸»·Î¼ ±¸ÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù; µû¶ó¼ ¾î¶² °æ¿ìµé¿¡¼´Â °ÅÁþ¸»À» ÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±¾¾î Á׾°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³ª´Â µµµÏÁúÇÏ´Â °Í ¿Ü¿¡´Â ±×¸¦ ±¸ÇÒ
¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù; µû¶ó¼ ¾î¶² °æ¿ìµé¿¡¼´Â µµµÏÁúÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. |
|
I lately read a
story by Coppee, in which an orderly kills his
officer, who has his life insured, and thus saves
his honour and the life of his family.
Consequently in certain cases it is right to kill.
|
³ª´Â ÃÖ±Ù¿¡
CoppeeÀÇ À̾߱⸦ Àоú½À´Ï´Ù, ±×
°÷¿¡¼ ¾î¶² À§»ýº´ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ »ó°üÀ» »ìÇØÇϸç, ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý¸íÀ» º¸Çè¿¡ µé¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©
±×ÀÇ ¸í¿¹¿Í ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·ÀÇ »ý¸íÀ» »ì¸³´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ¾î¶² °æ¿ìµé¿¡¼´Â »ìÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿ÇÀº
ÀÏÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
|
Such imaginary
cases and the conclusions drawn from them prove
only this, that there are men who know that it is
not right to steal, to lie, to kill, but who are
so loath to stop doing this that they use all the
efforts of their mind in order to justify their
acts. There does not exist a moral rule for which
it would be impossible to invent a situation when
it would be hard to decide which is more moral,
the departure from the rule or its fulfilment.
The same is true of the question of
non-resistance to evil: men know that it is bad,
but they are so anxious to live by violence, that
they use all the efforts of their mind, not for
the elucidation of all the evil which is produced
by man's recognition of the right to do violence
to others, but for the defence of this right. But
such invented cases in no way prove that the rules
about not lying, stealing, killing are incorrect.
|
ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº »ó»ó¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °æ¿ìµé°ú
±×°Íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ µµÃâÇÑ °á·ÐµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ À̰ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÕ´Ï´Ù, Áï, µµµÏÁú, °ÅÁþ¸», »ìÀÎÀÌ ¿ÇÁö
¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, À̰ÍÀ» ÇàÇÔÀ» ÁßÁöÇϱ⸦ ³Ê¹«³ª ²¨·ÁÇÏ¿©¼ ±×µéÀº
±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» Á¤´çÈÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÇ ¸¶À½À¸·Î ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂµéÀ» ´ÙÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
±ÔÄ¢À¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ÀÌÅ» ¶Ç´Â ±×°ÍÀÇ ¼ºÃë Áß¿¡¼, ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ ´õ µµ´öÀûÀÎÁö °áÁ¤Çϱ⠾î·Á¿ï
¶§¿¡, ÇÑ °¡Áö »óȲÀ» Á¶ÀÛÇØ ³»´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ µµ´öÀû ±ÔÄ¢Àº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ¾Ç¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ ¶È°°½À´Ï´Ù: »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ³ª»Ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª,
±×µéÀº ³Ê¹«³ª Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇØ »ì°í ½Í¾îÇϹǷÎ, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Æø·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ »ç¶÷ÀÌ
ÀÎÁ¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ý»êµÇ´Â ¸ðµç ¾ÇÀ» ¼³¸íÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ±Ç¸®ÀÇ ¹æ¾î¸¦ À§Çؼ,
¸¶À½À¸·Î ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂÀ» °æÁÖÇÕ´Ï´Ù. |
|
"*Fais ce que
doit, advienne que pourra*, — do what is
right, and let come what may," — is an expression
of profound wisdom. Each of us knows
unquestionably what he ought to do, but none of us
knows or can know what will happen. Thus we are
brought to the same, not only by this, that we
must do what is right, but also by this, that we
know what is right, and do not know at all what
will come and result from our acts. |
"Fais
ce que doit, advienne que pourra, — ¿ÇÀ» °ÍÀ» ÇàÇ϶ó, ±×¸®°í
¹«½¼ ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ´õ¶óµµ ±×³É µÎ¶ó," — ´Â ½É¿ÀÇÑ ÁöÇýÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®µé
°¢ÀÚ´Â Àǹ®ÀÇ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ±×°¡ ´ç¿¬È÷ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¹«½¼ ÀÏÀÌ
ÀϾÁö´Â ¿ì¸®µé Áß ¾Æ¹«µµ ¸ð¸£¸ç ¾Ë ¼öµµ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀ»
ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â À̰Ϳ¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀÎÁö ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ
ÇàÀ§µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ³ª¿Í¼ ÃÊ·¡µÉ °ÍÀÎÁö ÀüÇô ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â À̰Ϳ¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©, ¿ì¸®´Â ¶È°°Àº ÀÏ¿¡
¸¶ÁÖÇÏ°Ô µË´Ï´Ù. |
|
The Christian
teaching is a teaching as to what a man must do
for the fulfilment of the will of Him who sent him
into the world. But the reflections as to what
consequences we assume to result from such or such
acts of men not only have nothing in common with
Christianity, but are that very delusion which
destroys Christianity. |
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡
º¸³»½Å ±×ºÐÀÇ ÀÇÁöÀÇ ¼ºÃ븦 À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±×·¸°í ±×·± ÇàÀ§µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶² °á°úµéÀÌ ÃÊ·¡µÈ´Ù°í ¿ì¸®°¡ °¡Á¤Çϴ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
½É»ç¼÷°íµéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿Í ¾Æ¹«·± °øÅëÁ¡ÀÌ ¾øÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â
¹Ù·Î ±â¸¸ ±× ÀÚüÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
|
No one has yet
seen the imaginary robber with the imaginary
child, and all the horrors, which fill history and
contemporary events, have been produced only
because men imagine that they can know the
consequences of the possible acts. |
¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ¾ÆÁ÷, ¿ª»ç¿Í Çö´ëÀÇ
»ç°ÇµéÀ» ä¿ì´Â, »ó»óÀÇ °µµ¸¦ »ó»óÀÇ ¾ÆÀÌ, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç °øÆ÷µéÀ» ÇÔ²² º»ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ »ç°ÇµéÀÇ °á°úµéÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ó»óÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
|
How is this?
Men used to live a beastly life, violating and
killing all those whom it was advantageous for
them to violate and kill, and even eating one
another, thinking that that was right. Then there
came a time, when, thousands of years ago, even in
the time of Moses, there appeared the
consciousness in men that it was bad to violate
and kill one another. But there were some men for
whom violence was advantageous, and they did not
recognize the fact, and assured themselves and
others that it was not always bad to violate and
kill men, but that there were cases when this was
necessary, useful, and even good. And acts of
violence and murder, though not as frequent and
cruel, were continued, but with this difference,
that those who committed them justified them on
the ground of usefulness to men. It was this
false justification of violence that Christ
arraigned. He showed that, since every act of
violence could be justified as actually happens,
when two enemies do violence to one another and
both consider their violence justifiable, and
there is no chance of verifying the justice of the
determination of either, it is necessary not to
believe in any justifications of violence, and
under no condition, as at first was thought right
by humanity, is it necessary to make use of them.
|
À̰ÍÀº ¾î°¼ ±×·¸½À´Ï±î? »ç¶÷µéÀº,
À¯¸°ÇÏ°í »ìÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô À¯ÀÍÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» À¯¸°Çϸç, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ¼·Î¸¦
Àâ¾Æ ¸Ô´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é¼ ¼·Î¸¦ Àâ¾Æ ¸ÔÀ¸¸é¼, Áü½Â °°Àº »îÀ» »ì¾Æ¿À°ï
Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·±µ¥, ¶§°¡ ¿ÔÀ¸´Ï, ¼ö õ³â Àü¿¡, ½ÉÁö¾î ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡, »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼
¼·Î¸¦ À¯¸°Çϰí Á×ÀÌ¸é ³ª»Ú´Ù´Â ÀǽÄÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Æø·ÂÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÏ´ø ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µéÀÌ
ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±×µéÀº ±× »ç½ÇÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½Åµé ¹× ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À¯¸°Çϰí
»ìÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ³ª»Û °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, À̰ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç, À¯ÀÍÇÏ°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¼±ÇÑ °æ¿ìµéµµ
ÀÖ´Ù°í È®½Å½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í Æø·Â ¹× »ìÀÎ ÇàÀ§µéÀº, ºñ·Ï ±×ó·³ Àæ°Å³ª ÀÜÇÐÇÏÁö´Â
¾Ê¾Ò´õ¶óµµ, °è¼ÓµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù, Áï ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¹üÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù´Â ±Ù°Å·Î ±×°ÍµéÀ» Á¤´çȽÃŲ °ÍÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ±ÔźÇÑ °ÍÀº ÀÌ¿Í
°°Àº Æø·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÅÁþµÈ Á¤´çÈÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¸ðµç
Æø·Â ÇàÀ§´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¹ß»ýµÇ¸é¼ Á¤´ç鵃 ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, µÎ ¿ø¼öµéÀÌ ¼·Î¿¡°Ô Æø·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇϰí
±×µéÀÇ Æø·ÂÀÌ Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â¸ç, ¾ç ÂÊÀÇ °áÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ±âȸ°¡ ¾ø±â
¶§¹®¿¡, Æø·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶°ÇÑ Á¤´çȵµ, ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼µµ, ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç,
¾ÖÃÊ¿¡ Àηù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´ø ´ë·Î, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. |
|
It would seem
that men who profess Christianity would have
carefully to unveil this deception, because in the
unveiling of this deception does one of the chief
manifestations of Christianity consist. But the
very opposite has happened: men to whom violence
was advantageous, and who did not want to give up
these advantages, took upon themselves the
exclusive propaganda of Christianity, and,
preaching it, asserted that, since there are cases
in which the non-application of violence produces
more evil than its application (the imaginary
robber who kills the child), we must not fully
accept Christ's teaching about non-resistance to
evil, and that we may depart from this teaching in
the defence of our lives and of those of other
men, in the defense of our country, the protection
of society from madmen and malefactors, and in
many other cases. But the decision of the
question as to when Christ's teaching ought to be
set aside was left to those very men who made use
of violence. Thus Christ's teaching about
non-resistance to evil turned out to be absolutely
set aside, and, what is worse than all that, those
very men whom Christ arraigned began to consider
themselves the exclusive preachers and expounders
of His teaching. But the light shineth in the
dark, and the false preachers of Christianity are
again arraigned by His teaching. |
±×¸®½ºµµ±³¸¦ °í¹éÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ÀÌ·±
±â¸¸À» ¹þ°Ü³»´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ÃÖ°í·Î Áß¿äÇÑ Ç¥¸íµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ µÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀÌ·±
±â¸¸À» Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ¹þ°Ü ³»¾úÀ» °Íó·³ º¸ÀÏ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¤¹Ý´ë°¡ ¹ß»ýÇß½À´Ï´Ù: Æø·ÂÀÌ
À¯ÀÍÇϸç, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» Æ÷±âÇϱ⸦ ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, ½º½º·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¹èŸÀû ÀüÆÄ¸¦ ¸Ã¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ¼³±³Çϰí, Æø·ÂÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½ÀÌ ±× Àû¿ëº¸´Ù ´õÇÑ ¾ÇÀ»
¸¸µé¾î ³»´Â °æ¿ìµéÀÌ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ¿ì¸®´Â ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ׿¡ °üÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À»
¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¼ö¿ëÇÏ¸é ¾È µÇ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ¿ì¸®´Â, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûµé°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûµéÀ»
¹æ¾îÇÔ¿¡¼, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹æ¾î, ¹ÌÄ£ »ç¶÷µé°ú ¾ÇÀεé·ÎºÎÅÍ »çȸ¸¦ º¸È£ÇÔ¿¡¼, ±×¸®°í
´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº °æ¿ìµé¿¡¼, ÀÌ·± °¡¸£Ä§À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌÅ»ÇØµµ µÈ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾ðÁ¦
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» Á¦ÃijõÀ» ¼ö Àִ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ °áÁ¤Àº Æø·ÂÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¹Ù·Î ±×
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³²°ÜÁ³½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ׿¡ °üÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î
ÆØ°³ÃÄÁø °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹àÇôÁ³À¸¸ç, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ±ÔźÇÑ ¹Ù·Î ±× »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÚ±â ÀڽŵéÀÌ ±×ºÐÀÇ
°¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¼³±³ÀÚµéÀ̸ç ÇØ¼®°¡µé·Î ¿©±â±â ½ÃÀÛÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºûÀº ¾îµÒ¿¡¼µµ
ºû³³´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ °ÅÁþ ¼³±³ÀÚµéÀº ´Ù½Ã ±×ºÐÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±Ôź ¹Þ°í
ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. |
|
We can think of
the structure of the world as we please, we may do
what is advantageous and agreeable for us to do,
and use violence against people under the pretext
of doing good to men, but it is absolutely
impossible to assert that, in doing so, we are
professing Christ's teaching, because Christ
arraigned that very deception. The truth will
sooner or later be made manifest, and will arraign
the deceivers, even as it does now. |
¿ì¸®´Â ¼¼»óÀÇ ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¿ì¸® ¸¶À½´ë·Î
»ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇàÇϱ⿡ À¯ÀÍÇÏ¸ç ±¸¹Ì¿¡ ¸Â´Â °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
¼±À» ÇàÇÑ´Ù´Â ±¸½Ç ¾Æ·¡¼ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇÔÀ¸·Î½á,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» °í¹éÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé
±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±×¿Í °°Àº ±â¸¸À» ±ÔźÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Áø¸®´Â Á¶¸¸°£ ¸í¹éÈ÷ µå·¯³¯
°ÍÀ̸ç, ±â¸¸ÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀ» ±ÔźÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ½ÉÁö¾î Áö±Ý ÀϾ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. |
|
Let only the
question of the human life be put correctly, as it
was put by Christ, and not as it was corrupted by
the churches, and all the deceptions which by the
churches have been heaped on Christ's teaching
will fall of their own accord. |
»ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¸À̶óµµ, ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ±ú´Þ¾ÆÁ³´ø °Íó·³, ±×¸®°í ±³È¸¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ºÎÆÐµÇ¾ú´ø °Í °°À̰¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°Ô
±ú´Þ¾ÆÁø´Ù¸é, ±×·¯¸é ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ À§¿¡ ±³È¸µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ½×¿©Á³´ø ¸ðµç ±â¸¸µéÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬È÷
¹«³ÊÁ® ³»¸± °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
|
The question is
not whether it will be good or bad for human
society to follow the law of love and the
resulting law of non- resistance, but whether you
— a being that lives today and is dying by degrees
tomorrow and every moment — will now, this very
minute, fully do the will of Him who sent you and
clearly expressed it in tradition and in your
reason and heart, or whether you want to act
contrary to this will. As soon as the question is
put in this form, there will be but one answer: I
want at once, this very minute, without any delay,
without waiting for anyone, and without
considering the seeming consequences, with all my
strength to fulfil what alone I am indubitably
commanded to do by Him who sent me into the world,
and in no case, under no condition, will I, can I,
do what is contrary to it, because in this lies
the only possibility of my rational, unwretched
life. |
¹®Á¦´Â, Àΰ£ »çȸ°¡ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ý°ú
±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹ýÀ» µû¸£´Â °ÍÀÌ ¼±ÀÎÁö ¾ÇÀÎÁö°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´ç½ÅÀÌ
— ¿À´Ã »ì¾Æ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ³»ÀÏ ±×¸®°í ¸Å ¼ø°£¿¡ Á¶±Ý¾¿ Á×¾î °¡°í ÀÖ´Â
ÇÑ Á¸Àç·Î¼
— ÀÌÁ¦´Â, ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¼ø°£¿¡, ´ç½ÅÀ» º¸³»¼ÌÀ¸¸ç, Àü½Â ¾È¿¡ ±×¸®°í
´ç½ÅÀÇ À̼º°ú ¸¶À½ ¾È¿¡ Ç¥¸íÇÏ¿´´ø ±×ºÐÀÇ ¶æÀ» ¿ÂÀüÈ÷ ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÀÌ
°°Àº ÀÇÁö¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¿øÇϴ°¡ÀÎ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÌ·± ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ³õÀÌ°Ô µÇ¸é,
ÇѰ¡Áö ´ë´äÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù: ³ª´Â, ´çÀå, ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¼ø°£¿¡, Á¶±Ýµµ ÁöüÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í,
´©±¸¸¦ ±â´Ù¸®Áö ¾Ê°í, ±×¸®°í ¿Ü°ü»ó °á°úµéÀ» °í·ÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ³ªÀÇ ¸ðµç ÈûÀ» ´ÙÇÏ¿©,
³ª¸¦ ¼¼»ó¿¡ º¸³»½Å ±×ºÐ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ³»°¡ ÀÇȤÀÇ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¸í·É ¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ» ¼ºÃëÇÒ
°ÍÀ» ¿øÇϸç, ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¿¡µµ, ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼µµ, ³ª´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏÁöµµ
ÇàÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ°Í ¾È¿¡ ¿ÀÁ÷ ³ªÀÇ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ, ÇູÇÑ »îÀÌ ³õ¿© ÀÖ±â
¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
| ¡¡ |
¡¡ |
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January 12,
1896. |
1896³â 1¿ù 12ÀÏ |
| ¡¡ |
¡¡ |
Crosby, Earnest Howard (1856-1907)
b. in New York City, was a social reformer and
author, founder and first president of Social
Reform Club, a vegeterian, single taxer, and
antimilitarist. |
¾î´À½ºÆ® ÇÏ¿öµå Å©·Î½ººñ(1856-1907)
´º¿å Ãâ»ý, »çȸ °³Çõ°¡ ¹× ÀÛ°¡, [»çȸ °³Çõ Ŭ·´]ÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚÀ̸ç Ãʱâ ȸÀå,
ä½ÄÁÖÀÇÀÚ, ´ÜÀϼ¼ ÁÖÀÇÀÚ, ¹× ¹ÝÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÚ. |
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