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BULFINCH'S MYTHOLOGY
THE AGE OF FABLE
OR STORIES OF GODS AND HEROES
by Thomas Bulfinch
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¡¡CHAPTER XLI
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Á¦ 41 Àå
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THE DRUIDS IONA
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µå·çÀÌ ¾ÆÀÌ¿À¿ì³Ê
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THE DRUIDS
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µå·çÀÌ
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THE Druids were the priests or ministers of religion among the
ancient Celtic nations in Gaul, Britain, and Germany. Our
information respecting them is borrowed from notices in the Greek
and Roman writers; compared with the remains of Welsh and Gaelic
poetry still extant.
[see also: Textual Sources of Druidism ]
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µå·çÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀº °¥¸®¾Æ,´ë¿µÁ¦±¹,µ¶ÀÏ Áö¹æ¿¡ °ÅÁÖÇÏ´ø °í´ë ÄÌÆ® ¹ÎÁ· »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ½Å¾ÓµÈ Á¾±³ÀÇ »çÁ¦, ȤÀº ½Â·Á¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µé¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀº ±×¸®½º¿Í ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ÀÛ°¡µéÀÇ ±â·Ï°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ¿þÀÏÁî¿Í °ÔÀÏÀÇ ¾ð¾î·Î µÈ ½Ã¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¾òÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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The Druids combined the functions of the priest, the magistrate, the
scholar, and the physician. They stood to the people of the Celtic
tribes in a relation closely analogous to that in which the Brahmans
of India, the Magi of Persia, and the priests of the Egyptians stood
to the people respectively by whom they were revered.
[see also: Indo-Europen Paleopaganism and its Clergy]
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µå·çÀÌ´Â »çÁ¦, ÇàÁ¤°ú, ÇÐÀÚ, ¶Ç´Â ÀÇ»çÀÇ Á÷¹«¸¦ °âÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§´Â ÀεµÀÇ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±Þ, Æä¸£½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¸¶±â, ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ »çÁ¦°¡ ±× ¹ÎÁ·¿¡°Ô Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ÁöÀ§¿Í ¸Å¿ì À¯»çÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ±× ¹ÎÁ·À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¸°æÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
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The Druids taught the existence of one god, to whom they gave a name
"Be' al," which Celtic antiquaries tell us means "the life of
everything," or "the source of all beings," and which seems to have
affinity with the Phoenician Baal. What renders this affinity more
striking is that the Druids as well as the Phoenicians identified
this, their supreme deity, with the Sun. Fire was regarded as a symbol
of the divinity. The Latin writers assert that the Druids also
worshipped numerous inferior gods.
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µå·çÀÌ´Â ¿ìÁÖ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ½ÅÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ »ç¶÷À̶ó°í °¡¸£Ä¡°í, ±× ½ÅÀº
"º£¾Ë(Be'al)"À̶ó ºÒ·¶´Âµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ÄÌÆ® ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ °í°íÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé
"¸¸¹°ÀÇ »ý¸í" ȤÀº "¸¸¹°ÀÇ ¿øÃµ"À̶ó´Â Àǹ̷μ, Æä´ÏŰ¾ÆÀÇ ¹Ù¾Ë ½Å°ú À¯»çÁ¡À» °¡Áö°í Àִ°ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ÀÌ À¯»çÁ¡À» ´õ¿í ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº µå·çÀ̳ª Æä´ÏŰ¾Æ ÀÎÀÌ ´Ù ±×µéÀÇ ÃÖ°í ½ÅÀ» žç°ú µ¿ÀϽÃÇß´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ºÒÀº ½ÅÀÇ »ó¡À¸·Î °£ÁֵǾú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ·Î¸¶ ÀÛ°¡µéÀÇ ÁÖÀå¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é µå·çÀ̵éÀº ¶Ç ¹«¼öÇÑ ÇÏ±Þ ½ÅµéÀ» ¼þ¹èÇß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
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They used no images to represent the object of their worship, nor
did they meet in temples or buildings of any kind for the
performance of their sacred rites. A circle of stones (each stone
generally of vast size), enclosing an area of from twenty feet to
thirty yards in diameter, constituted their sacred place. The most
celebrated of these now remaining is Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain,
England.
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µå·çÀ̵éÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¼þ¹èÀÇ ´ë»óÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿ì»óµµ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, Á¾±³»óÀÇ ÀǽÄÀ» °ÅÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¿øÀ̳ª ±âŸ °Ç¹°¿¡ ÁýÇÕÇÏ´Â Àϵµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. µ¹À» ¿øÇüÀ¸·Î ¼¼¿î °Í(±× µ¹Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÄÇ´Ù)ÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¼º¿ªÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, ±× ¸éÀûÀÇ Áö¸§Àº 20ÇÇÆ® ³»Áö 30¾ßµå¿´´Ù. ÇöÁ¸ÇØ ÀÖ´Â °Í Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå À¯¸íÇÑ °ÍÀº ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ¼ÖÁî¹ö¸® Æò¿ø¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ½ºÅä¿îÇîÁö¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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¡¡
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These sacred circles were generally situated near some stream, or
under the shadow of a grove or widespreading oak. In the centre of the
circle stood the Cromlech or altar, which was a large stone, placed in
the manner of a table upon other stones set up on end. The Druids
had also their high places, which were large stones or piles of stones
on the summits of hills. These were called Cairns, and were used in
the worship of the deity under the symbol of the sun.
[see also: Stonehenge and the Druids]
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ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿øÇüÀÇ ¼ºÁö´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² ³Á°¡ ºÎ±ÙÀ̳ª, ȤÀº ÀÛÀº ½£À̳ª °¡Áö°¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁø Âü³ª¹« ±×´Ã ¹Ø¿¡ ÀÚ¸®Àâ¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿øÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡´Â Å©·Ò·¹Å©¶ó´Â Á¦´ÜÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿©·¯ °³ÀÇ µ¹±âµÕ À§¿¡ ÇÑ ÀåÀÇ Å©°í ÆíÆíÇÑ µ¹À» ¿Ã·Á ³õÀº °ÍÀÌ ¸¶Ä¡ Å×À̺í°ú °°¾Ò´Ù.
µå·çÀ̵éÀº ¶Ç ±×µéÀÇ ¿¹¹è¼Ò¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ³ôÀº ¾ð´ö À§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ °³ÀÇ Å« µ¹, ȤÀº µ¹´õ¹Ì¿´´Ù. ÀÌ µ¹Àº ij¾î¸¥(cairns)À̶ó ºÎ¸£´Âµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº žçÀ» »ó¡ÇÏ´Â ½ÅÀ» ¿¹¹èÇÒ ¶§¿¡ »ç¿ëÇß´Ù.
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That the Druids offered sacrifices to their deity there can be no
doubt. But there is some uncertainty as to what they offered, and of
the ceremonies connected with their religious services we know
almost nothing. The classical (Roman) writers affirm that they offered
on great occasions human sacrifices; as for success in war or for
relief from dangerous diseases. Caesar has given a detailed account of
the manner in which this was done. "They have images of immense
size, the limbs of which are framed with twisted twigs and filled with
living persons. These being set on fire, those within are
encompassed by the flames." Many attempts have been made by Celtic
writers to shake the testimony of the Roman historians to this fact,
but without success.
[see also: Julius Caesar's Writings on the Druids]
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µå·çÀ̵鵵 ±×µéÀÇ ½Å¿¡°Ô Èñ»ý¹°À» Á¦°øÇÏ¿´À¸¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀº ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´ÂÁö´Â È®½ÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡ °üÇØ¼µµ ¿ì¸®´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾Æ´Â ¹Ù°¡ ¾ø´Ù. °í´ë °íÀü[Áï,·Î¸¶] ÀÛ°¡µåÀÇ ¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é µå·çÀ̵éÀº Ưº°ÇÑ Á¦Àü ¶§, ¿¹ÄÁ´ë ÀüÀï¿¡ À̰åÀ» ¶§³ª À§ÇèÇÑ º´¿¡¼ ±¸Á¦µÇ±â¸¦ ±â¿øÇÒ ¶§´Â Àΰ£À» Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÃÆ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
Ä«ÀÌÁ¦¸£°¡ ÀÌ Çà»çÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÀÚ¼¼È÷ º¸°íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. <±×µé¿¡°Õ °Å´ëÇÑ ¿ì»óÀÌ Àִµ¥, ¿ì»óÀÇ »çÁö´Â ³ª¹µ°¡Áö¸¦ ²¿¾Æ ¸¸µé°í, ±× ¾È¿¡´Â »ê »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³Ö´Â´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ºÒÀ» Áö¸£¸é, ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº È¿°¿¡ ½ÎÀδÙ.>
ÄÌÆ®°è ÀÛ°¡µéÀº ÀÌ »ç½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇØ ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡µéÀÇ Áõ¾ðÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏ·Á°í °®°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ» ½ÃµµÇßÀ¸³ª Áö±Ý±îÁö ¼º°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
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The Druids observed two festivals in each year. The former took
place in the beginning of May, and was called Beltane or "fire of
God." On this occasion a large fire was kindled on some elevated spot,
in honour of the sun, whose returning beneficence they thus welcomed
after the gloom and desolation of winter. Of this custom a trace
remains in the name given to Whitsunday in parts of Scotland to this
day. Sir Walter Scott uses the word in the "Boat Song" in the "Lady of
the Lake":
"Ours is no sapling, chance sown by the fountain,
Blooming at Beltane in winter to fade;" etc.
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µå·çÀ̵éÀº ¸Å³â µÎ Â÷·ÊÀÇ Á¦ÀüÀ» °ÅÇàÇÏ¿´´ô. ù¹øÂ° Á¦ÀüÀº 5¿ù ÃÊ¿¡ ÇàÇߴµ¥, º£¾ËŸÀ̳×, Áï <½ÅÈ(ãêûý)>¶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù. ÀÌ Á¦Àü ¶§¿¡´Â žçÀÇ ¿µ¿¹¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© »ê²À´ë±â¿¡ Å« ºÒÀÌ Á¡ÈµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀº °Ü¿ïÀÇ Ä§¿ï°ú ȲÆó ÈÄ¿¡ žçÀÇ ÇýÅÃÀÌ ´Ù½Ã µ¹¾Æ¿Â °ÍÀ» ȯ¿µÇß´Ù.
ÀÌ ½À°üÀÇ ÀÚÃë´Â Áö±Ý±îÁö ½ºÄÚÆ²·£µåÀÇ ¿©·¯ Áö¹æ¿¡ ³²¾Æ Àִµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ¼º·É°¸²Á¦¸¦ <¹éÀÇÀÇ ÀÏ¿äÀÏ(Whitsunday)>À̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â »ç½ÇÀ» º¸¾Æµµ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ùÅÍ ½ºÄà °æÀº <È£»óÀÇ ¹ÌÀÎ> °¡¿îµ¥ ÀÖ´Â <¹î³ë·¡> ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÀÌ º£¾ËŸÀ̳׸£¶ó´Â ¸»À» ¾²°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â º£¾ËŸÀ̳׿¡ ÇǾ¼,
°Ü¿ïÀÌ¸é ½Ãµé¾î ¹ö¸®´Â
»ù¹° °ç¿¡ ¼ ÀÖ´Â ¾î¸® ³ª¹« µûÀ§´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤¡¤
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The other great festival of the Druids was called Samh'in, or
"fire of peace," and was held on Hallow-eve (first of November), which
still retains this designation in the Highlands of Scotland. On this
occasion the Druids assembled in solemn conclave, in the most
central part of the district, to discharge the judicial functions of
their order. All questions, whether public or private, all crimes
against person or property, were at this time brought before them
for adjudication. With these judicial acts were combined certain
superstitious usages, especially the kindling of the sacred fire, from
which all the fires in the district, which had been beforehand
scrupulously extinguished, might be relighted. This usage of
kindling fires on Hallow-eve lingered in the British islands long
after the establishment of Christianity.
[see also: Celtic Law - A Short Summary]
[see also: Celtic Festivals]
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±×¹ÛÀÇ µå·çµéÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Å« Á¦ÀüÀº <»ïÀÎ(Samh'in)>, Áï <ÆòÈÀÇ ºÒ>À̶ó°í ÀÏİí, Ç۷οì À̺ê(11¿ù 1ÀÏ)¿¡ °ÅÇàµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ½ºÄÚÆ²·£µåÀÇ °íÁö¿¡¼´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÌ È£ÄªÀÌ ¾²À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. À̳¯¿¡ µå·çÀ̵éÀº ±× Áö¹æÀÇ °¡Àå Áß½ÉÀÌ µÇ´Â °÷¿¡ ÁýÇÕÇÏ¿©, ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ È¸ÀǸ¦ °³ÃÖÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÇ »ç¹ýÁ÷¹«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù. °ø»ç°¡ ¸ðµç ¹®Á¦, Àΰݰú Àç»êÀ» Ä§ÇØÇÑ ¸ðµç ¹üÁ˰¡ ÀÌ ±âȸ¿¡ ±×µé ¾Õ¿¡ Á¦¼ÒµÇ°í ÀçÆÇÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¹ý ÇàÀ§¿¡´Â ¾î¶² ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀÎ °ü½ÀÀÌ °áºÎµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ƯÈ÷ ¼ºÈÀÇ Á¡È¸¦ µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Áö¹æ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ºÒÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Ù ²ö µÚ¿¡ ÀÌ ¼ºÈ·Î ´Ù½Ã Á¡ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ç۷οì À̺꿡 Á¡ÈÇÏ´Â °ü½ÀÀº ¿µ±¹ Á¦µµ(ð³Óö)¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³°¡ È®¸³µÈ ÈÄ¿¡µµ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
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Besides
these two great annual festivals, the Druids were in the
habit of observing the full moon, and especially the sixth
day of the moon. On the latter they sought the Mistletoe,
which grew on their favourite oaks, and to which, as well as
to the oak itself, they ascribed a peculiar virtue and
sacredness. The discovery of it was an occasion of rejoicing
and solemn worship. "They call it," says
Pliny,
"by a word in their language, which means 'heal-all,'
and having made solemn preparation for feasting and
sacrifice under the tree, they drive thither two milk-white
bulls, whose horns are then for the first time bound. |
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ÀÌ
µÎ°³ÀÇ Å« ¿¬·Ê Á¦Àü ¿Ü¿¡ µå·çÀ̵éÀº º¸¸§´Þ,
ƯÈ÷ Ãʽ´ÞÀÌ ¶ß±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ ÈÄ ¿©¼¸¹øÂ°³¯À»
ÃàÇÏÇÏ´Â °ü½ÀÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À̳¯¿¡ ±×µéÀº
±×µéÀÌ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â Âü³ª¹« À§¿¡ ±â»ýÇÑ
°Ü¿ì»ìÀ̸¦ ã¾Æ´Ù³æ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÌ
°Ü¿ì»ìÀÌ¿Í Âü³ª¹«¿¡ Ưº°ÇÑ ´ö°ú ½Å¼ºÀÌ
±êµé¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î À̰ÍÀ»
¹ß°ßÇÏ¸é ¸ðµÎµé ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ±â»µÇÏ¸ç ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ
¿¹¹è¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. Çø®´Ï¿ì½º´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ
¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. <±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ±×µéÀÇ
¾ð¾î·Î <¸¸´É ¾à>À̶ó´Â ¶æÀÇ ¸»·Î
ºÎ¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ³ª¹« ¹Ø¿¡¼
¾ö¼÷ÇÏ°Ô ÀÜÄ¡¸¦ Çϰí Á¦¹°À» ÁغñÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡
¿ìÀ¯ºû Ȳ¼Ò µÎ¸¶¸®¸¦ ±×°÷À¸·Î ¸ô°í ¿Â´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±× »ÔÀ» À̶§ óÀ½À¸·Î °á¹ÚÇÑ
´ÙÀ½ |
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The
priest then, robed in white, ascends the tree, and cuts off the
mistletoe with a golden sickle. It is caught in a white mantle,
after which they proceed to slay the victims, at the same time
praying that God would render his gift prosperous to those to whom
he had given it." They drink the water in which it has been
infused, and think it a remedy for all diseases. The mistletoe is a
parasitic plant, and is not always nor often found on the oak, so
that when it is found it is the more precious.
[see also: Animal Symbolism in Celtic Mythology]
[see also: The Natural World]
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Èò
¿¹º¹À» ÀÔÀº »çÁ¦°¡ ±× Âü³ª¹« À§¿¡ ¿Ã¶ó°¡
Ȳ±Ý³´À¸·Î °Ü¿ì»ìÀ̸¦ º¥´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» Èò
º¸Àڱ⿡ ½Ñ ´ÙÀ½ ½ÅÀÌ ¼±¹°À» ÁØ Àڵ鿡°Ô ±×°ÍÀÌ
È¿´ÉÀÌ ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ¿© Áֽʻç°í ±â¿øÇÏ¸é¼ È²¼Ò¸¦
Âü»ìÇØ ³ª°£´Ù.> ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº °Ü¿ì»ìÀ̸¦ ´ÞÀÎ
¹°À» ¸¶½Ã´Âµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ¸¸º´ÅëÄ¡¾àÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù.
°Ü¿ì»ìÀÌ´Â ±â»ý½Ä¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹Ýµå½Ã
Âü³ª¹«¿¡¸¸ »ý±ä´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ¶Ç ÀÚÁÖ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â
°ÍÀ̾ƴϹǷΠ¹ß°ßµÇ±â¸¸ ÇÏ¸é ¼ÒÁßÇÑ °ÍÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
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The
Druids were the teachers of morality as well as of religion. Of
their ethical teaching a valuable specimen is preserved in the
Triads of the Welsh Bards, and from this we may gather that their
views of moral rectitude were on the whole just, and that they held
and inculcated many very noble and valuable principles of conduct.
They were also the men of science and learning of their age and
people. Whether they were acquainted with letters or not has been
disputed, though the probability is strong that they were, to some
extent. But it is certain that they committed nothing of their
doctrine, their history, or their poetry to writing. Their teaching
was oral, and their literature (if such a word may be used in such a
case) was preserved solely by tradition. But the Roman writers admit
that "they paid much attention to the order and laws of nature,
and investigated and taught to the youth under their charge many
things concerning the stars and their motions, the size of the world
and the lands, and concerning the might and power of the immortal
gods."
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µå·çÀ̵éÀº
Á¾±³»óÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚÀÓ°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ µµ´ö»óÀÇ
ÁöµµÀÚÀ̱⵵ Çß´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ À±¸®Àû ±³ÈÆÀÇ ±ÍÁßÇÑ
Ç¥º»ÀÌ ¿þÀÏÁîÀÇ À½Ã¢ ½ÃÀεéÀÇ »ïÁ¦°¡(ß²ð¹Ê°)
¼Ó¿¡ ³²¾Æ Àִµ¥, ±×°ÍÀ» º¸¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ±×µéÀÇ
µµ´ö°üÀÌ ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤´çÇÏ¸ç ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡
´ë´ÜÈ÷ °í»óÇÏ°í ±ÍÁßÇÑ ¿ø¸®¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ ¼ÒÁöÇϰí
°¡¸£ÃÆÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶Ç ±×µéÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿Í
¹ÎÁ·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡À̱⵵ Çϸç, °úÇÐÀÚÀ̵µ
ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ¹®ÀÚ¸¦ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁöÀÇ ¿©ºÎ´Â
¿©·¯ °¡Áö·Î ³íÀÇµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Âµ¥, ¾î´À Á¤µµ ¾Ë°í
ÀÖ¾úÀ» °³¿¬¼ºÀÌ °ÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ
±³¼³À̳ª ¿ª»ç³ª ½Ã¸¦ ¹®ÀÚ·Î ±â·ÏÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â
°Í¸¸Àº È®½ÇÇÏ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¸ðµÎ ¸»¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
°ÍÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ¹®ÇÐ(ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì¿¡ ÀÌ·± ¸»À»
»ç¿ëÇØµµ ÁÁ´Ù¸é)Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ Àü½Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
º¸Á¸µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ·Î¸¶ÀÇ Àú¼ú°¡µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú
°°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
<±×µéÀº ´ëÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ Áú¼³ª ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ¸¹Àº ÁÖÀǸ¦
±â¿ï¿´À¸¸ç, õü¿Í ±× ¿îµ¿, ¼¼°è¿Í ¿©·¯ ±¹ÅäÀÇ
Å©±â, ºÒ¸êÀÇ ½ÅµéÀÇ À§·Â°ú ±Ç·Â¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ»
¿¬±¸Çϰí , ±×µéÀÌ ¸Ã°í Àִ û³âµé¿¡°Ô °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù.>
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Their
history consisted in traditional tales,
in which the heroic deeds of their forefathers were celebrated.
These were apparently in verse, and thus constituted part of the
poetry as well as the history of the Druids. In the poems of Ossian
we have, if not the actual productions of Druidical times, what may
be considered faithful representations of the songs of the Bards.
The Bards were an essential part of the Druidical hierarchy. One
author, Pennant, says, "The Bards were supposed to be endowed
with powers equal to inspiration. They were the oral historians of
all past transactions, public and private. They were also
accomplished genealogists," etc.
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¿ª»ç´Â Á¶»óÀÇ ¿µ¿õÀû ¾÷ÀûÀ» μÛÇÑ Àü¼³·Î µÇ¾î
ÀÕ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿î¹®Çü½ÄÀ» ÃëÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×°ÍÀº
µå·çÀ̵éÀÇ ¿ª»çÀÎ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ½Ã¿´´Ù <¿À½Ã¾ÈÀÇ ½Ã>´Â
½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â µå·çÀ̽ôëÀÇ ÀÛǰÀÌ ¾Æ´ÒÁö¶óµµ ±×¶§ÀÇ
À½Ã¢ ½ÃÀεéÀÇ ³ë·¡¸¦ Ãæ½ÇÈ÷ Ç¥ÇöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í
»ý°¢µÈ´Ù.
À½Ã¢ ½ÃÀεéÀº µå·çÀÌµé °¡¿îµ¥¼µµ Áß¿äÇÑ ÁöÀ§¸¦
Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Æä³Æ®´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
<À½Ã¢ ½ÃÀεéÀº ½ÅÀÇ ¿µ°¨°ú µ¿µîÇÑ ÈûÀÌ ºÎ¿©µÈ
°ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº °øÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌµç »çÀûÀÎ
°ÍÀÌµç °ú°Å¿¡ ÀÏ¾î³ ¸ðµç »ç°ÇÀÇ ±¸¼ú
¿ª»ç°¡¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶Ç ´É¶õÇÑ °èº¸ÇÐÀÚµéÀ̱⵵
Çß´Ù.>
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Pennant
gives a minute account of the Eisteddfods
or sessions of the Bards and minstrels, which were held in Wales
for many centuries, long after the Druidical priesthood in
its other departments became extinct. At these meetings none
but Bards of merit were suffered to rehearse their pieces,
and minstrels of skill to perform. |
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Æä³Æ®´Â
µå·çÀÌÀÇ Á÷¹«°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ºÎ¹®¿¡¼´Â ¼Ò¸êµÈ
ÈÄ¿¡µµ ¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È ¿þÀÏÁî Áö¹æ¿¡¼
ÇàÇÏ¿©Áø À½Ã¢½ÃÀΰú À½À¯½ÃÀεéÀÇ ´ëȸÀÎ
¾ÆÀ̽ºÅ×µåÆ÷µå¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© »ó¼¼È÷ ¼³¸íÇϰí
ÀÕ´Ù. ÀÌ ´ëȸ´Â Àç´ÉÀÖ´Â À½Ã¢½ÃÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸é
ÀÚ±â ÀÛǰÀ» À½¼ÛÇϱ⸦ Çã¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ¶Ç
´É¼÷ÇÑ À½À¯½ÃÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸é ¿¬ÁÖÇÒ ¼ö°¡
¾ø¾ú´Ù. |
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Judges
were appointed to decide on their respective abilities, and suitable
degrees were conferred. In the earlier period the judges were
appointed by the Welsh princes, and after the conquest of Wales,
by commission from the kings of England. Yet the tradition is that
Edward I, in revenge for the influence of the Bards in animating the
resistance of the people to his sway, persecuted them with great
cruelty.
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±×µéÀÇ
´É·ÂÀ»ÆÇÁ¤ÇÒ ½ÉÆÇ°üÀÌ ÀÓ¸íµÇ¾ú°í, Àû´çÇÑ µî±ÞÀÌ
¼ö¿©µÇ¾ú´Ù. Ãʱ⿡ ½ÉÆÇ°üµéÀº ¿þÀÏÁî ¿Õ¿¡
ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀÓ¸íµÇ¾ú°í, ¿þÀÏÁî°¡ Á¤º¹´çÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡´Â,
¿µ±¹ÀÇ ¿Õ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀÓ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀüÇÏ´Â
¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¿¡µå¿öµå 1¼¼´Â ¿þÀÏÁîÀÇ ´ëÁßÁñÀÌ
À½Ã¢½ÃÀε鿡°Ô¼ °¨È¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ ±×ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¿¡
¹ÝÇ×ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÇÏ¿© ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹¼ö·Î¼
±×µéÀ» ¸÷½Ã ÀÜȤÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î óÇüÇß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
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This
tradition has furnished the poet Gray
with the subject of his celebrated ode, "The Bard."
[see also: A Very Brief History of Mesopagan Druidism]
There are still occasional meetings of the lovers of Welsh poetry
and music, held under the ancient name. Among Mrs. Hemans'
poems is one written for an Eisteddfod, or meeting of Welsh Bards,
held in London, May 22, 1822. It begins with a description of the
ancient meeting, of which the following lines are a part:
"...midst the eternal cliffs, whose strength defied
The crested Roman in his hour of pride;
And where the Druid's ancient cromlech frowned,
And the oaks breathed mysterious murmurs round,
There thronged the inspired of yore! on plain or height,
In the sun's face, beneath the eye of light,
And baring unto heaven each noble head,
Stood in the circle, where none else might tread."
[see also: Felicia Hemans' poem,
The Rock of Cader Idris]
[see also: Welsh Literature]
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¡¡
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The Druidical system was at its height at the time of the Roman
invasion under Julius Caesar. Against the Druids, as their chief
enemies, these conquerors of the world directed their unsparing
fury. The Druids, harassed at all points on the mainland, retreated
to Anglesey and Iona, where for a season they found shelter and
continued their now dishonoured rites.
The Druids retained their predominance in Iona and over the adjacent
islands and mainland until they were supplanted and their
superstitions overturned by the arrival of St. Columba,
the apostle of the Highlands, by whom the inhabitants of that
district were first led to profess Christianity.
[see also: Druids - An Introduction to the Order]
[see also: Druids - Their Functions and Powers]
[see also: Celtic Druidism]
[see also: Oak Groves and Mistletoe: Druidical rites and roles]
[see also: Celtic Religion - How much information do we really have?]
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µå·çÀÌÀÇ Á¶Á÷Àº À²¸®¿ì½º Ä«ÀÌÁ¦¸£ÀÇ ÁöÈÖÇÏ¿¡
·Î¸¶±ºÀÌ ´ë°Å ħÀÔÇÏ¿´À» ¶§°¡ Àü¼º±â¿´´Ù. À̵é
¼¼°èÀÇ Á¤º¹ÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ÀûÀ¸·Î¼
µå·çÀ̵éÀ» ¸Í·ÄÇÏ°Ô ¹ÚÇØÇß´Ù. µå·çÀ̵éÀº º»Åä
µµÃ³¿¡¼ ¹ÚÇØ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. À̵éÀº ¸¶Ä§³» ¾Þ±Û½Ã¿Í
¾Æ¿¡¿À¿ì³Ê ¼¶À¸·Î Åð°¢ÇÏ¿© ±×°÷¿¡¼ Àá½Ã µ¿¾È
Çdz »ýȰÀ» ÇÏ¸é¼ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ð¿å¹ÞÀº ÀǽÄÀ»
°è¼ÓÇß´Ù.
µå·çÀ̵éÀº ¾ÆÀÌ¿À¿ì³Ê¿Í ±× Àα٠µµ¼ ¹×
º»Åä¿¡¼ ±×µéÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ¸¶Ä§³»
ÇÏÀ϶õµåÀÇ ¼±±³»çÀÎ ¼º ÄÝ·Õ¹Ù°¡ ¿ÈÀ¸·Î½á ±×µéÀÇ
ÁöÀ§¿Í ¹Ì½ÅÀº Àüº¹µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× Áö¹æ ÁֹεéÀº
ÄÝ·Õ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÃÖÃÊ·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ½Å¾ÓÀ¸·Î
ÀεµµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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IONA
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¾ÆÀÌ¿À¿ì³Ê
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One of the smallest of the British Isles, situated near a rugged and barren
coast, surrounded by dangerous seas, and possessing no sources of internal
wealth, Iona has obtained
an imperishable place in history as the seat of civilization and religion at a
time when the darkness of heathenism hung over almost the whole of Northern
Europe. Iona or
Icolmkill is situated at the extremity of the island
of Mull, from which it is separated by a strait of half a mile in breadth,
its distance from the mainland of Scotland being thirty-six miles.
[map of Scotland -
image:17K]
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¿µ±¹ÀÇ ¿©·¯ ¼¶ Áß¿¡¼µµ °¡Àå ÀÛÀº ¼¶ ÁßÀÇ
ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. ¿ïÅüºÒÅüÇÑ È²·®ÇÑ ÇØ¾È ºÎ±Ù¿¡
À§Ä¡Çϰí À§ÇèÇÑ ¹Ù´Ù¿¡ µÑ·¯½Î¿© ³»ºÎ¿¡ ¾Æ¹«
ÀÚ¿øµµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº ¼¶ÀÌÁö¸¸ ¾ÆÀÌ¿À¿ì³Ê´Â
¿ª»ç»ó ºÒ¸êÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº
ºÏ±¸ÀÇ ¸ðµç ³ª¶óµéÀÌ À̱³ÀÇ °ËÀº ±¸¸§¿¡ µÚµ¤¿©
ÀÖ¾úÀ» ¶§¿¡µµ ÀÌ ¼¶¸¸ÀÌ ¹®¸í°ú Á¾±³ÀÇ
Áß½ÉÁö·Î¼ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÀÌ¿À¿ì³Ê,
ȤÀº ÀÌÄݹÇųÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ÀÌ ¼¶Àº <¸Ö>À̶ó´Â
¼¶ ¸»´Ü¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¸Ö ¼¶¿¡¼ ¾à ¹Ý¸¶ÀÏÀÇ ÇØÇùÀ»
°ÝÇÑ ÁöÁ¡¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ°í ½ºÄÚÆ²·£µå º»Åä¿ÍÀÇ °Å¸®´Â
36¸¶ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.
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Columba was
a native of Ireland, and connected by birth with the princes
of the land. Ireland was at that time a land of gospel
light, while the western and northern parts of Scotland were
still immersed in the darkness of heathenism. Columba
with twelve friends landed on the island of Iona in the year
of our Lord 563, having made the passage in a wicker boat
covered with hides. The Druids who occupied the island
endeavoured to prevent his settling there, and the savage
nations on the adjoining shores incommoded him with their
hostility, and on several occasions endangered his life by
their attacks. |
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¾ÆÀÏ·£µå Å»ýÀ¸·Î¼ ¿ÕÁ·À̾ú´Ù.
¾ÆÀÏ·£µå´Â ½ºÄÚÆ²·£µåÀÇ ¼ºÎ¿Í ºÏºÎ°¡
¾ÆÁ÷ À̱³ÀÇ ¾ÏÈæ ¼Ó¿¡ Àá°Ü ÀÕÀ» ¶§ À̹Ì
º¹À½ÀÇ ºûÀÌ ºñÄ£ ³ª¶ó¿´´Ù. 536³â¿¡ ÄÝ·Õ¹Ù´Â
¿ µÎ ¸íÀÇ »çµµ¸¦ µ¥¸®°í ¹öµé°¡Áö¿Í Áü½Â
°¡Á×À¸·Î ¸¸µç ¹è¸¦ Ÿ°í ¾ÆÀÌ¿À¿ì³Ê ¼¶¿¡
»ó·úÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÌ ¼¶À» Á¡·ÉÇϰí
ÀÖ´ø µå·çÀ̵éÀº ÄÝ`·Õ¹Ù°¡ ±×°÷¿¡ Á¤ÁÖÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ» ¸·À¸·Á ÇÏ¿´°í, ÀÎ±Ù ÇØ¾ÈÀÇ ¾ß¸¸Á·µéÀº
ÀûÀǸ¦ °®°í ±×¸¦ ±«·ÓÇûÀ¸¸ç, ¶§·Î´Â
°ø°ÝÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ »ý¸íÀ» À§ÅÂ·Ó°Ô Çß´Ù. |
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Yet
by his perseverance and zeal he surmounted all opposition, procured
from the king a gift of the island, and established there a
monastery of which he was the abbot. He was unwearied in his labours
to disseminate a knowledge of the Scriptures throughout the
Highlands and islands of Scotland, and such was the reverence paid
him that though not a bishop, but merely a presbyter and monk, the
entire province with its bishops was subject to him and his
successors. The Pictish monarch was so impressed with a sense of his
wisdom and worth that he held him in the highest honour, and the
neighbouring chiefs and princes sought his counsel and availed
themselves of his judgment in settling their disputes.
[see also: St. Columba Home Page]
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±Øº¹ÇÏ°í ¿ÕÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±× ¼¶À» ±âÁõ¹Þ¾Æ ±×°÷¿¡
¼öµµ¿øÀ» ¼¼¿ì°í ±× ¿øÀåÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ºÒ±¼ÀÇ
³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î ½ºÄÚÆ²·£µåÀÇ ÇÏÀ϶õµå¿Í ¿©·¯ ¼¶¿¡
¼º¼ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀ» Æì³ª°¬´Ù. ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¸°æÀº
´ë´ÜÇÏ¿©, ÁÖ±³µµ ¾Æ´Ñ Àϰ³ Àå·Î ¼öµµ»ç¿¡
ºÒ°úÇßÀ¸³ª, ¸ðµç ±³±¸ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±× ÁÖ±³µé°ú
´õºÒ¾î ±×¿Í ±×ÀÇ Á¦Àڵ鿡°Ô º¹Á¾Çß´Ù.
±×Áß¿¡¼µµ ÇÈÆ® Á·ÀÇ ¿ÕÀº ÄÝ·Õ¹ÙÀÇ ¿¹Áö¿Í ±×
´ö¿¡ °¨µ¿ÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö ±×¿¡°Ô ÃÖ´ëÀÇ °æÀǸ¦ Ç¥Çß°í,
ÀαÙÀÇ Á·ÀåÀ̳ª ¿Õµéµµ ÄÝ·Õ¹Ù¿¡°Ô Á¶¾ðÀ» ¹Ù¶ó°Ô
µÇ°í, ±×ÀÇ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡ µû¶ó ¼·ÎÀÇ ºÐÀïÀ» ÇØ°áÇϰÔ
µÇ¾ú´Ù.
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When Columba landed on Iona he was attended by twelve
followers whom he had formed into a religious body of which
he was the head. To these, as occasion required, others were
from time to time added, so that the original number was
always kept up. Their institution was called a monastery and
the superior an abbot, but the system had little in common
with the monastic institutions of later times. |
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ÄÝ·Õ¹Ù´Â ¾ÆÀÌ¿À¿ì³Ê¿¡ »ó·úÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, ¿
µÎ ¸íÀÇ »çµµ¸¦ µ¿¹ÝÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ±×´Â À̵éÀ»
±¸¼º¿øÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© ÇÑ Á¾±³ ´Üü¸¦ Á¶Á÷Çϰí,
±× ÁöµµÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. °á¿øÀÌ »ý±æ ¶§¸¶´Ù
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¶§¶§·Î ÀÌ ´Üü¿¡
°¡ÀÔÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¿ µÎ ¸íÀ̶ó´Â ÀοøÀº
¾ðÁ¦³ª À¯ÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× °Ç¹°Àº
¼öµµ¿øÀ̶ó ºÎ¸£°í ±× ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®´Â
¿øÀåÀ̶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ Á¦µµ´Â Èļ¼ÀÇ ¼öµµ¿ø Á¦µµ¿Í´Â
°ÅÀÇ °øÅëÁ¡ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. |
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The
name by which those who submitted to the rule were known was that of
Culdees, probably from the
Latin "cultores Dei"- worshippers of God. They were a body
of religious persons associated together for the purpose of aiding
each other in the common work of preaching the gospel and teaching
youth, as well as maintaining in themselves the fervour of devotion
by united exercises of worship. On entering the order certain vows
were taken by the members, but they were not those which were
usually imposed by monastic orders, for of these, which are three-
celibacy, poverty, and obedience,- the Culdees were bound to none
except the third. To poverty they did not bind themselves; on the
contrary they seem to have laboured diligently to procure for
themselves and those dependent on them the comforts of life.
Marriage also was allowed them, and most of them seem to have
entered into that state. True, their wives were not permitted to
reside with them at the institution, but they had a residence
assigned to them in an adjacent locality, Near Iona there is an
island which still bears the name of "Eilen nam ban,"
women's island, where their husbands seem to have resided with them,
except when duty required their presence in the school or the
sanctuary.
[see also: School of Iona]
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À̸§À¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³´Âµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ¾Æ¸¶ ¶óƾ¾î
<Cultores Dei(½ÅÀ» ¼þ¹èÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé)>¿¡¼ À¯·¡ÇÑ
°Í °°´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº º¹À½ÀÇ ¼³±³, û³âµéÀÇ ±³À°, °øµ¿
¿¹¹è¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ½Å¾Ó½ÉÀÇ À¯Áö¿Í °°Àº °øÅëÀûÀÎ ÀÏ¿¡
»óÈ£ ºÎÁ¶ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ü°áµÈ Á¾±³ÀÎÀÇ
´Üü¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¼öµµÈ¸¿¡ µé¾î°¡·Á¸é ¸î °¡Áö ¼¾àÀ»
ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ¼¾àµµ ÀϹÝ
¼öµµ¿ø¿¡¼ °úÇÏ´Â °Í°ú´Â ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é µ¶½Å,ºó°ï,º¹Á¾, ÀÌ ¼¼ °¡Áö Áß¿¡¼
ÄðµðÀÌ´Â ¼Â°¹ø °Í¸¸À» ÀÌÇàÇÏ¸é µÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀº ºó°ï¿¡ ±¸¼ÓµÇÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ¹Ý´ë·Î ±×µé
ÀڽŰú ±×µé¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â Àڵ鿡°Ô ¾È¶ôÇÑ »ýȰÀ»
º¸ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ºÎÁö·±È÷ ÀÏÇÑ °Í °°´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ
¾Æ³»°¡ ¼öµµ¿ø¿¡¼ ±×µé°ú °°ÀÌ °ÅÁÖÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»
Çã¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀ̾ú´Ù. Áö±Ýµµ
¾ÆÀÌ¿À¿ì³Ê ºÎ±Ù¿¡ <Eilen nam ban(¿©ÀÎÀÇ ¼¶)>À̶ó°í
ºÎ¸£´Â ¼¶ÀÌ Àִµ¥ À̰÷¿¡¼ ±×µéÀÇ ³²ÆíÀº
Àǹ«»ó Çб³³ª ¼öµµ¿ø¿¡ Ãâ¼®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÉ
¶§¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ±×µé°ú °°ÀÌ »ê °Í °°´Ù.
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Campbell, in his poem of "Reullura," alludes to the married monks of
Iona:
"...The pure Culdees
Were Albyn's earliest priests of God,
Ere yet an island of her seas
By foot of Saxon monk was trod,
Long ere her churchmen by bigotry
Were barred from holy wedlock's tie.
'Twas then that Aodh, famed afar,
In Iona preached the word with power,
And Reullura, beauty's star,
Was the partner of his bower."
In one of his "Irish Melodies," Moore gives the legend of St.
Senanus and the lady who sought shelter on the island, but was
repulsed:
"O, haste and leave this sacred isle,
Unholy bark, ere morning smile;
For on thy deck, though dark it be,
A female form I see;
And I have sworn this sainted sod
Shall ne'er by woman's foot be trod."
In these respects and in others the Culdees departed from the established
rules of the Romish church, and consequently were deemed heretical. The
consequence was that as the power of the latter advanced that of the Culdees
was enfeebled. It was not, however, till the thirteenth century that the
communities of the Culdees were suppressed and the members dispersed. They
still continued to labour as individuals, and resisted the inroads of Papal
usurpation as they best might till the light of the Reformation dawned on the
world.
[see also: The Synod of Whitby, 664 AD]
Iona, from its position in the western seas, was exposed to the assaults of
the Norwegian and Danish rovers
by whom those seas were infested, and by them it was repeatedly pillaged, its
dwellings burned, and its peaceful inhabitants put to the sword. [raid on a monastery
- image:38K] These unfavourable circumstances led to its gradual decline,
which was expedited by the subversion of the Culdees throughout Scotland.
Under the reign of Popery the island became the seat of a nunnery, the ruins
of which are still seen. At the Reformation, the nuns were allowed to remain,
living in community, when the abbey was dismantled.
Iona is now chiefly resorted to by travellers on account of the numerous
ecclesiastical and sepulchral remains which are found upon it. [Iona ruins - image 30K]
The principal of these are the Cathedral or Abbey Church and the Chapel of the
Nunnery. Besides these remains of ecclesiastical antiquity, there are some of
an earlier date, and pointing to the existence on the island of forms of
worship and belief different from those of Christianity. These are the
circular Cairns which are found in various parts, and which seem to have been
of Druidical origin. It is in reference to all these remains of ancient
religion that Johnson
exclaims, "That man is little to be envied whose patriotism would not
gain force upon the plains of Marathon, or whose piety would not grow warmer
amid the ruins of Iona." [Journey to the Western Islands: Inch Kenneth]
[see also: The Iona Community]
In the "Lord of the Isles," Scott
beautifully contrasts the church on Iona with the cave of Staffa, opposite:
"Nature herself, it seemed, would raise
A minster to her Maker's praise!
Not for a meaner use ascend
Her columns, or her arches bend;
Nor of a theme less solemn tells
That mighty surge that ebbs and swells,
And still between each awful pause,
From the high vault an answer draws,
In varied tone, prolonged and high,
That mocks the organ's melody;
Nor doth its entrance front in vain
To old Iona's holy fane,
That Nature's voice might seem to say,
Well hast thou done, frail child of clay!
Thy humble powers that stately shrine
Tasked high and hard- but witness mine!"
[see also: The Development of Christian Society in Early England]
[see also: Celtic Christianity]
[see also:
The Traditions of the Northern Celts]
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¡¡THOMAS BULFINCH
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