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BULFINCH'S MYTHOLOGY
THE AGE OF FABLE
OR STORIES OF GODS AND HEROES
by Thomas Bulfinch
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CHAPTER XL
THE DEATH OF BALDUR
THE ELVES - RUNIC LETTERS
SKALDS - ICELAND
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ߵθ
-
Į- ̽
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THE DEATH OF BALDUR
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ߵθ |
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BALDUR the Good, having been tormented with terrible
dreams indicating that his life was in peril, told them to
the assembled gods, who resolved to conjure all things to
avert from him the threatened danger. Then Frigga,
the wife of Odin,
exacted an oath from fire and water, from iron and all
other metals, from stones, trees, diseases, beasts, birds,
poisons, and creeping things, that none of them would do
any harm to Baldur. Odin, not satisfied with all this, and
feeling alarmed for the fate of his son, determined to
consult the prophetess Angerbode,
a giantess, mother of Fenris, Hela, and the Midgard
serpent. She was dead, and Odin was forced to seek her in Hela's
dominions.
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() ߵθ ô ־. ó ִٰ Ͻϰ ־. ߵθ ŵ ڸ ̾߱⸦ ߴ. ŵ ߵθ Ͽ ϰ ش õ ûߴ.
ó ī ̳, , , ݼ, , , , , , , 鿡 Ͽ ߵθ ƹ ص ġ ʰڴٴ Ҵ. װ ʰ Ƶ Ͽ ӰԸ ڸ ãư ߴ. ׳ , 縮 ̵尡 ģ̾µ, ̹ ׳ฦ ã ȵǾ. |
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This Descent of Odin forms the subject of
Gray's fine ode beginning:
"Uprose the king of men with speed
And saddled straight his coal-black steed."
[see also: Baldur's
Dream - Auden/Taylor translation]
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But the other gods, feeling that what Frigga had done was
quite sufficient, amused themselves with using Baldur as a
mark, some hurling darts at him, some stones, while others
hewed at him with their swords and battle-axes; for do
what they would, none of them could harm him. And this
became a favourite pastime with them and was regarded as
an honour shown to Baldur. But when Loki beheld the scene
he was sorely vexed that Baldur was not hurt. Assuming,
therefore, the shape of a woman, he went to Fensalir, the
mansion of Frigga. That goddess, when she saw the
pretended woman, inquired of her if she knew what the gods
were doing at their meetings. She replied that they were
throwing darts and stones at Baldur, without being able to
hurt him. |
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ٸ ŵ ī
Ϸ ϴٰ ϰ ߵθ
ǥ Ͽ â ϰ
ϰ
Į̳ ϸ, ̰ Ҵ.
ֳϸ ƹ
ϴ ߵθ ݵ ظ ʝ۱
̴. ̰ ¿
Ǿ ߵθ ǥ÷
Ǿ. Ű ߵθ
ظ ؼ
Ͽ. ״ Ͽ
츮Ʈ ī .
ī , ŵ Ե
ϰ ִ ƴİ
. ׳ ߵθ Ͽ
â̳ ƹ ߵθ ġ
Ѵٰ ߴ. |
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"Ay," said Frigga, "neither
stones, nor sticks, nor anything else can hurt Baldur, for
I have exacted an oath from all of them."
"What," exclaimed the woman, "have all
things sworn to spare Baldur?" "All
things," replied Frigga, "except one little
shrub that grows on the eastern side of Valhalla, and is
called Mistletoe, and which I thought too young and feeble
to crave an oath from."
As soon as Loki heard this he went away, and resuming his
natural shape, cut off the mistletoe, and repaired to the
place where the gods were assembled. There he found Hodur
standing apart, without partaking of the sports, on
account of his blindness, and going up to him, said,
"Why dost thou not also throw something at
Baldur?"
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" ͵ ߵθ ĥ . κ ϱ."
"ƾ!" ϰ źϸ鼭 ƴ.
" ߵθ ġ ʰڴٰ Ͽϱ?"
" ." ϰ ī ߴ.
" Ҷ ʿ ڶ ִ . װ <ܿ> ŵ ִ . װ ȣθ ־ ʰ ȥ ִ ߴ.
" ŵ ߵθ ʴ°ſ?" |
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"Because I am blind," answered Hodur, "and
see not where Baldur is, and have, moreover, nothing to
throw."
"Come, then," said Loki, "do like the rest,
and show honour to Baldur by throwing this twig at him,
and I will direct thy arm towards the place where he
stands."
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" ̼ ߵθ ִ , Ӹ ƴ϶ ͵ ʱ ̾." ϰ ȣθ ߴ.
" ̸ ÿ." Ű ̷ ϰ ٽ ٿ. "ŵ ٸ Ͻÿ. ߵθ Ǹ ǥϽÿ. װ ִ ϰ ָ." |
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Hodur then took the mistletoe, and under the guidance of
Loki, darted it at Baldur, who, pierced through and
through, fell down lifeless. Surely never was there
witnessed, either among gods or men, a more atrocious deed
than this. When Baldur fell, the gods were struck
speechless with horror, and then they looked at each other
and all were of one mind to lay hands on him who had done
the deed, but they were obliged to delay their vengeance
out of respect for the sacred place where they were
assembled. They gave vent to their grief by loud
lamentations. When the gods came to themselves, Frigga
asked who among them wished to gain all her love and good
will. "For this," said she, "shall he have
who will ride to Hel and offer Hela a ransom if she will
let Baldur return to Asgard." Whereupon Hermod,
surnamed the Nimble, the son of Odin, offered to undertake
the journey. Odin's horse, Sleipnir, which has eight legs
and can outrun the wind, was then led forth, on which
Hermod mounted and galloped away on his mission. For the
space of nine days and as many nights he rode through deep
glens so dark that he could not discern anything, until he
arrived at the river Gyoll, which he passed over on a
bridge covered with glittering gold. The maiden who kept
the bridge asked him his name and lineage, telling him
that the day before five bands of dead persons had ridden
over the bridge, and did not shake it as much as he alone.
"But," she added, "thou hast not death's
hue on thee; why then ridest thou here on the way to
Hel?"
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ȣθ <ܿ> տ ܴ Ű ߵθ . ߵθ շ װ Ҵ.
̷ ܾ ŵ̳ ΰ ̿ . ߵθ ŵ ϰ ٶ, ̷ ڸ ƾ Ѵٰ ߴ. ִ ż ̾ . ʹ 뼺ߴ. ī, ڱ ȣǸ ȹϱ⸦ ϴ ڴ İ .
" ȣǴ," ϰ ׳ ߴ.
"¿ ٽ ѹ ߵθ ƽ شٸ ġڴٴ ָ."
, Ƶ <ø > 츣尡 ڱⰡ ڴٰ ûߴ. ٸ , ٶٵ ظ Դ. 츣 Ÿ ϱ ȴ. ȩ ȩ ״ ƹ ͵ к ŭ Ӱ ħ ̶ ̸, ɷ ִ ݺ ٸ dzԴ. ٸ Ű ִ óడ ̸ , ټ ϴ dz ٱ ȥ dzʴ , ٸ 鸰ٰ ߴ.
"," ϰ ׳ ߴ.
" () , ֽϱ?" |
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"I ride to Hel," answered Hermod, "to seek
Baldur. Hast thou perchance seen him pass this way?"
She replied, "Baldur hath ridden over Gyoll's bridge,
and yonder lieth the way he took to the abodes of
death."
Hermod pursued his journey until he came to the barred
gates of Hel. Here he alighted, girthed his saddle
tighter, and remounting clapped both spurs to his horse,
who cleared the gate by a tremendous leap without touching
it. Hermod then rode on to the palace, where he found his
brother Baldur occupying the most distinguished seat in
the hall, and passed the night in his company. The next
morning he besought Hela to let Baldur ride home with him,
assuring her that nothing but lamentations were to be
heard among the gods. Hela answered that it should now be
tried whether Baldur was so beloved as he was said to be.
"If, therefore," she added, "all things in
the world, both living and lifeless, weep for him, then
shall he return to life; but if any one thing speak
against him or refuse to weep, he shall be kept in
Hel."
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" ߵθ ã ̿. Ȥ װ ̰ ҽϱ?"
׳ ߴ.
"ߵθ ٸ dzʰϴ. װ Դϴ."
츣 Ͽ ħ ִ Դ. ̰ ״ ̴. ٽ ö ߴ. Ǹ ؾ ݵ ǵ帮 ܼ پѾ.
츣 ̸ ߵθ Ȧ ڸ Ⱦ ִ ߰ϰ Բ ´. Ʊ ħ. 츣 , ڱ Բ شٶ ûϰ, ŵ ̿ ź Ҷۿ 鸮 ʴ´ٰ ߴ. m ߵθ ް Ҵµ ƾ߰ڴٰ 亯ߴ.
" " ϰ ׳ . " ̰ų ̰ų ؼ ִٸ ȯŰڼ. ʰ Ѵٵ, ⸦ źѴٸ ״ ¿ ξ ΰڼ." |
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Hermod then rode back to Asgard and gave an account of all
he had heard and witnessed.
The gods upon this despatched messengers throughout the
world to beg everything to weep in order that Baldur might
be delivered from Hel. All things very willingly complied
with this request, both men and every other living being,
as well as earths, and stones, and trees, and metals, just
as we have all seen these things weep when they are
brought from a cold place into a hot one. As the
messengers were returning, they found an old hag named
Thaukt sitting in a cavern, and begged her to weep Baldur
out of Hel. But she answered:
"Thaukt will wail
With dry tears
Baldur's bale-fire.
Let Hela keep her own."
It was strongly suspected that this hag was no other than
Loki himself, who never ceased to work evil among gods and
men. So Baldur was prevented from coming back to Asgard.*
* In Longfellow's Poems will be found a poem entitled
"Tegner's
Drapa," upon the subject of Baldur's death.
[see also: Norse
Ballads of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]
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츣 ƽ ư װ ߤ ߴ.
̸ ŵ ڸ İϿ ߵθ κ ǵ ֱ⸦ ûߴ. 䱸 Ƶ鿩 ΰ̳ ۿ ٸ , 뵵, , , ݼӵ ־. 츮 ġ ̷ ǵ κ ű װ͵ 긮 ߴ. ڵ ƿ ߿ ŸũƮ İ ӿ ɾ ִ ߰ϰ, ׳Ե ߵθ κ DZ ؼ ֱ⸦ ûߴ. ׳ ̷ ߴ.
ŸũƮ
ߵθ ȭϴ
̴.
, ڽó ܴ ֱ⸦.
߸ ŵ ΰ ̿ Ӿ ؾ ߱ϴ Ű ڽ̾ ȴ. ̷ Ͽ ߵθ ƽ忡 ƿ ϰ Ǿ.
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THE FUNERAL OF BALDUR
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ߵθ
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The gods took up the dead body and bore it to the seashore
where stood Baldur's ship "Hringham," which
passed for the largest in the world. Baldur's dead body
was put on the funeral pile, on board the ship, and his
wife Nanna was so struck with grief at the sight that she
broke her heart, and her body was burned on the same pile
with her husband's. There was a vast concourse of various
kinds of people at Baldur's obsequies. First came Odin
accompanied by Frigga, the Valkyrior, and his ravens; then
Frey in his car drawn by Gullinbursti, the boar; Heimdall
rode his horse Gulltopp, and Freya drove in her chariot
drawn by cats. There were also a great many Frost giants
and giants of the mountain present. Baldur's horse was led
to the pile fully caparisoned and consumed in the same
flames with his master. |
ŵ ߵθ ü ؾ Ͽ. װ 迡 ū ߵ 帵 ϰ ־. ߵθ ü 迡 Ƴ ȭ . Ƴ ʹ ĿϰҴ. Ͽ ׳ ü ü Բ ¿. ߵθ ʿ ߵ ߴ. Ƴ Ű ͵ ϰ Դ. θƼ ϴ ̲ Ÿ ̰ Դ. Ӵޤ Ÿ Դ. ߴ ̰ ̲ ̷ Ÿ Ӵ. ۿ <> ε ε Ӽ ߵθ ϰ, ȭ ̰ մ ͼ ΰ ¿.
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But Loki did not escape his deserved punishment. When he
saw how angry the gods were, he fled to the mountain, and
there built himself a hut with four doors, so that he
could see every approaching danger. He invented a net to
catch the fishes, such as fishermen have used since his
time. But Odin found out his hiding-place and the gods
assembled to take him. He, seeing this, changed himself
into a salmon, and lay hid among the stones of the brook.
But the gods took his net and dragged the brook, and Loki,
finding he must be caught, tried to leap over the net; but
Thor
caught him by the tail and compressed it, so that salmons
ever since have had that part remarkably fine and thin.
They bound him with chains and suspended a serpent over
his head, whose venom falls upon his face drop by drop.
His wife Siguna sits by his side and catches the drops as
they fall, in a cup; but when she carries it away to empty
it, the venom falls upon Loki, which makes him howl with
horror, and twist his body about so violently that the
whole earth shakes, and this produces what men call
earthquakes.
[see also: The
Death of Balder from The Prose Edda of Snorri
Sturluson]
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Ű װ 翬 ߴ. ŵ гϰ ִ ״ Ͽ ̸ Ȧ Ҵ. ϸ ʿ Ŀ ߰ ֱ ̴. ״ ⸦ . װ ó ε ϰ մ Ͱ ̴. ó ߰ϰ ŵ . ״ ̰ Ͽ ó ̿ . ŵ Ű ߸ ó Ⱦ. Ű ڱⰡ ˰ پ ߴ. ˾. ̷ ϰ ð Ǿ. Ű 罽 Dz Ӹ ŴҴµ . Ƴ ñ 翡 ɾ ӿ ´. ׳డ 췯 Ű , ״ ġ ư. ̰ ΰ ̶ θ ̴.
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THE ELVES
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The Edda mentions another class of beings, inferior to the
gods, but still possessed of great power; these were
called Elves. The white spirits, or Elves of Light, were
exceedingly fair, more brilliant than the sun, and clad in
garments of a delicate and transparent texture. They loved
the light, were kindly disposed to mankind, and generally
appeared as fair and lovely children. Their country was
called Alfheim, and was the domain of Freyr, the god of
the sun, in whose light they were always sporting.
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<> ŵ鸸 , ū մ ӿ Ǿ ִ. װ ̶ θ ̴. , Ư Ƹ ¾纸ٵ ϰ ϰ ִ. ϰ ΰ ģϸ Ƹ ̵ Ÿ. ̶ θ ¾ ̸ 俴µ ¾ ӿ ־.
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The black or Night Elves were a different kind of
creatures. Ugly, long-nosed dwarfs, of a dirty brown
colour, they appeared only at night, for they avoided the
sun as their most deadly enemy, because whenever his beams
fell upon any of them they changed them immediately into
stones. Their language was the echo of solitudes, and
their dwelling-places subterranean caves and clefts. They
were supposed to have come into existence as maggots
produced by the decaying flesh of Ymir's body, and were
afterwards endowed by the gods with a human form and great
understanding. They were particularly distinguished for a
knowledge of the mysterious powers of nature, and for the
runes which they carved and explained. They were the most
skilful artificers of all created beings, and worked in
metals and in wood. Among their most noted works were Thor's
hammer, and the ship "Skidbladnir," which
they gave to Freyr, and which was so large that it could
contain all the deities with their war and household
implements, but so skilfully was it wrought that when
folded together it could be put into a side pocket.
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, ٸ ϳ ̾. Ȱ ڸ ̷μ, Ǻθ 㿡 ߴ. ֳϸ ¾ 鿡 ġ ٷ ϱ ¾ ߱ ̴. ︲̾, ó ƴ̾. ̸̹ ü μ ź Ǹ, Ŀ ŵ鿡 ؼ ΰ ¿ ο Ǿ. Ư ڿ ź ڷμ, ڸ ڷμ ϴ. ߿ ؾ ̾, ݼ̳ 縦 Ͽ ߴ. ڤ ۹ ߿ ġ ̸ ŰҶϸ ϴ 迴. Ű 뱸, ŭ ū ÿ ȣָӴ ӿ ϰ ̾.
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RAGNAROK, THE TWILIGHT OF THE GODS
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׳ũ, ŵ
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It was a firm belief of the northern nations that a time
would come when all the visible creation, the gods of
Valhalla and Niffleheim, the inhabitants of Jotunheim,
Alfheim, and Midgard, together with their habitations,
would be destroyed. The fearful day
of destruction will not, however, be without its
forerunners. First will come a triple winter, during which
snow will fall from the four corners of the heavens, the
frost be very severe, the wind piercing, the weather
tempestuous, and the sun impart no gladness. |
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Ϲ Դ ž ִ. , Ҷ ÷ ŵ ,, ̵尡 ֹε ó Ҿ ĸ ´ٴ ̴. ĸ ̶ ߴ. 켱 ܿ ̸ ϴ ̷κ Ȥϰ ٶ dz찡 ӵǾ ¾ ƹ ſ ̴. |
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Three such
winters will pass away without being tempered by a single
summer. Three other similar winters will then follow,
during which war and discord will spread over the
universe. The earth itself will be frightened and begin to
tremble, the sea leave its basin, the heavens tear
asunder, and men perish in great numbers, and the eagles
of the air feast upon their still quivering bodies. The
wolf Fenris will now break his bands, the Midgard serpent
rise out of her bed in the sea, and Loki, released from
his bonds, will join the enemies of the gods. Amidst the
general devastation the sons of Muspelheim will rush forth
under their leader Surtur, before and behind whom are
flames and burning fire. Onward they ride over Bifrost,
the rainbow bridge, which breaks under the horses' hoofs.
But they, disregarding its fall, direct their course to
the battlefield called Vigrid. Thither also repair the
wolf Fenris, the Midgard serpent, Loki with all the
followers of Hela, and the Frost giants.
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ѹ ʰ ̷ ܿ 3 ӵ ̴. ܿ︸ 3 ӵȴ. ֿ ̴. ̸ ٴٴ ػ , ϴ Ⱕ װ ̰ ִ ü ̴. 渮 罽 ̸, ̵渣 ٴ ӿ ִ ħ Ͼ ̸ Ű ӹκ عǾ ŵ ̴. Ȳ ӿ Ƶ ڷ Ͽ ̸ Ŀ Ҳɰ Ÿ ̴. ٸ νƮ dz ̸, ٸ ߱ ؿ ı ̴. ٸ ر ұϰ οͷ ̴. 渮 ̵尡 , ϵ 뵿 Ű, <> ε鵵 װ ̴.
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Heimdall now stands up and sounds the Giallar
horn to assemble the gods and heroes for the contest.
The gods advance, led on by Odin, who engages the wolf
Fenris, but falls a victim to the monster, who is,
however, slain by Vidar,
Odin's son. Thor gains great renown by killing the Midgard
serpent, but recoils and falls dead, suffocated with the
venom which the dying monster vomits over him. Loki and
Heimdall meet and fight till they are both slain. The gods
and their enemies having fallen in battle, Surtur,
who has killed Freyr, darts fire and flames over the
world, and the whole universe is burned up. The sun
becomes dim, the earth sinks into the ocean, the stars
fall from heaven, and time is no more.
After this Alfadur (the Almighty) will cause a new heaven
and a new earth to arise out of the sea. The new
earth filled with abundant supplies will spontaneously
produce its fruits without labour or care. Wickedness and
misery will no more be known, but the gods and men will
live happily together.
[see also: Ragnarok]
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̶ Ӵ Ͼ ŵ £ ϱ Ͽ ˸ Ǹ ̴. ο ̴. ״ 渮 ϳ, Ͽ ǰ . 渮 Ƶ ٸ Ͽ ȴ. ̵尡 ν ū ƲƲ ްġ . ܸ ̴. Ű Ӵް ȸϿ ȴ. ŵ Ŀ ̸ 迡 Ұ Ҳ ִ ȴ. ¾ ϴ÷κ ð ̹ ʰ ȴ. ̷ Ŀ ĵθ[ ] ο ϴð ο ٴ Ѱ ̴.
ο ڰ dzϿ ϰ ʴ 깰 ̸ 븦 ߰, Ű ΰ Բ ̰ 츮 ̴.
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RUNIC LETTERS
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One cannot travel far in Denmark, Norway, or Sweden
without meeting with great
stones of different forms, engraven with characters
called Runic, which appear at first sight very different
from all we know. The letters consist almost invariably of
straight lines, in the shape of little sticks either
singly or put together. Such sticks were in early times
used by the northern nations for the purpose of
ascertaining future events. The sticks were shaken up, and
from the figures that they formed a kind of divination was
derived.
The Runic characters were of various kinds. They were
chiefly used for magical purposes. The noxious, or, as
they called them, the bitter runes, were employed to bring
various evils on their enemies; the favourable averted
misfortune. Some were medicinal, others employed to win
love, etc. In later times they were frequently used for
inscriptions, of which more than a thousand have been
found. The language is a dialect of the Gothic, called
Norse, still in use in Iceland. The inscriptions may
therefore be read with certainty, but hitherto very few
have been found which throw the least light on history.
They are mostly epitaphs on tombstones.
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ũ 븣 Ǵ ϸ Ƶ 츮 ϴ ڿʹ ٸ ̴ ڰ ε ū ̴. ڴ Ǿ հ Ⱑ ϳ Ȥ ִ Ͱ ϰ ִ.
̿ 뿡 Ϲ ̷縦 Žϱ Ͽ Ѱ̴. ⸦ Ǵ · ƴ.
ڴ ־. װ ַ Ǿ. , ϴ <> ڴ 糭 ҷŰ Ͽ Ǿ ڴ 糭 Ҵ. ڴ Ƿ ۿ ߰, ڴ ؼ Ǿ. Ĵ뿡 (ٯ) ƴ Ҵµ, ߰ߵ ص õ Ѵ´. ĭƾ ϴ Ʈ μ, 絵 ̽忡 ǰ ִ. Ȯ ص , 翡 ؼ ټҶ ִ° ߰ߵ 幰. ֳϸ κ ̱ ̴.
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Gray's ode on the "Descent of Odin" contains an
allusion to the use of Runic letters for incantation:
"Facing to the northern clime,
Thrice he traced the Runic rhyme;
Thrice pronounced, in accents dread
The thrilling verse that wakes the dead,
Till from out the hollow ground
Slowly breathed a sullen sound."
[see also: Mystery
of the Futhark Alphabet]
[see also: Mystery
and Magic of the Runes]
[see also: An
Exposition on Runic Practises]
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THE SKALDS
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Į
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The Skalds were the bards and poets of the nation, a very
important class of men in all communities in an early
stage of civilization. They are the depositaries of
whatever historic lore there is, and it is their office to
mingle something of intellectual gratification with the
rude feasts of the warriors, by rehearsing, with such
accomplishments of poetry and music as their skill can
afford, the exploits of their heroes, living or dead. The
compositions of the Skalds were called Sagas, many of
which have come down to us, and contain valuable materials
of history, and a faithful picture of the state of society
at the time to which they relate.
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Į Ϲ ̳ ǹϴµ ʱ ܰ迡 ־ ȸ ־ ߿ ̴. ̸, ÿ ɼϰ ν dz ϴ ӹ. ε ǰ <簡> ҷµ, κ ó ִ. ̰͵ ġ ϰ ִ Ḧ ϰ , ǰ ۵ ȸ° Ͽ° ϰ ִ.
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ICELAND
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The Eddas and Sagas have come to us from Iceland. The
following extract from Carlyle's
lectures on "Heroes
and Hero Worship" gives an animated account of
the region where the strange stories we have been reading
had their origin. Let the reader contrast it for a moment
with Greece, the parent of classical mythology:
"In that strange island, Iceland,- burst up, the
geologists say, by fire from the bottom of the sea, a
wild land of barrenness and lava, swallowed many months
of every year in black tempests, yet with a wild,
gleaming beauty in summer time, towering up there stern
and grim in the North Ocean, with its snow yokuls
[mountains], roaring geysers [boiling springs], sulphur
pools, and horrid volcanic chasms, like the waste,
chaotic battlefield of Frost and Fire,- where, of all
places, we least looked for literature or written
memorials,- the record of these things was written down.
On the seaboard of this wild land is a rim of grassy
country, where cattle can subsist, and men by means of
them and of what the sea yields; and it seems they were
poetic men these, men who had deep thoughts in them and
uttered musically their thoughts. Much would be lost had
Iceland not been burst up from the sea, not been
discovered by the Northmen!"
[see also: Iceland
(Nordic FAQ)]
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<> <簡> ̽κ 츮 . Į < > 츮 о ̾߱Ⱑ ϰ ִ. а ȭ Ͽ .
< ̽, ڵ ϸ ۿ뿡 Ͽ κ Ͽ ھƿöٴ , Ȳ , ϳ κ dz ӿ , ̿ , [], ġ ̽ø[ õ], Ȳ , Ȳϰ ȥ <> <> οͿ ȭ տ ִºؿ ؾϰ ھ ִ . ߿ ̳ ߰ ɼ ̿ ϵ ̴. Ȳ غ Ǯ ־ , ΰ ػ깰 Ͽ ȰѴ. ̵ () dzϰ ϰ ־ ǥϿ . ̽尡 ٴ ʾҴ ĭ ε鿡 Ͽ ߰ߵ ʾҴ ս Ƿ ̴.!>
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Back to Chapter XXXIX
On to Chapter XLI
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THOMAS BULFINCH
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