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µ¿¾çÀÇ
½ÅÈ
(Eastern Mythology) |

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BULFINCH'S MYTHOLOGY
THE AGE OF FABLE
OR STORIES OF GODS AND HEROES
by Thomas Bulfinch
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CHAPTER XXXVII
EASTERN MYTHOLOGY
ZOROASTER - HINDU MYTHOLOGY
CASTES - BUDDHA - GRAND LAMA
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Á¦ 37 Àå
µ¿¾çÀÇ ½ÅÈ
Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅÍ- ÈùµÎ ½ÅÈ
Ä«½ºÆ® - ºÎ´Ù- ´Þ¶óÀÌ ¶ó¸¶
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ZOROASTER
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Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅÍ
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Our knowledge of the religion of the ancient
Persians is principally derived from the Zendavesta
(Avesta), or sacred books of that people. Zoroaster
(Zarathustra) was the founder of their religion, or
rather the reformer of the religion which preceded him.
The time when he lived is doubtful, but it is certain that
his system became the dominant religion of Western Asia
from the time of Cyrus
(550 B.C.) to the conquest of Persia by Alexander
the Great. Under the Macedonian monarchy the doctrines
of Zoroaster appear to have been considerably corrupted by
the introduction of foreign opinions; but they afterwards
recovered their ascendency.
[see also: History
of the Ancient Aryans: Outlined in Zoroastrian scriptures.]
[see also: History
of Zoroastrianism]
[see also: The
Splendor of Persia - The Great Kings] |
°í´ë Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ ÀÎÀÇ Á¾±³¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀº ÁÖ·Î ±× ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ¼ºÀüÀÎ <Á¨´Ùº£½ºÅ¸>¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÑ´Ù. Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅÍ´Â ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³Àû â½ÃÀÚ¿´´Ù. ¶Ç´Â ±×Àü¿¡ ÀÖ´ø Á¾±³ÀÇ °³ÇõÀÚ¶ó°í ÇÔÀÌ ´õ ÀûÇÕÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ýÁ¸ ½Ã±â´Â ºÒÈ®½ÇÇϳª, ±×ÀÇ ±³¼³ÀÌ Å°·Î½º ¿ÕÀÇ ½Ã´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Ë·º»êµå·Î½º ´ë¿Õ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ Á¤º¹¿¡ À̸£´Â µ¿¾È¿¡ ¼¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ Á¾±³°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶ÄÉµÈ¾Æ ¿Õ ¾Ë·º»êµå·Î½ºÀÇ Áö¹èÇÏ¿¡¼ Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅÍ ±³¼³Àº ¿Ü±¹ »ç»óÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ¼èÅðÇÑ °Í °°¾ÒÀ¸³ª, ÈÄ¿¡ ´Ù½Ã À¶¼ºÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
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Zoroaster
taught the existence of a supreme being, who created two
other mighty beings and imparted to them as much of his
own nature as seemed good to him. Of these, Ormuzd
(called by the Greeks Oromasdes) remained faithful to
his creator, and was regarded as the source of all good,
while Ahriman
(Arimanes) rebelled, and became the author of all evil
upon the earth. |
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Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅÍÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÀÌ ¿ìÁÖ¿¡´Â À¯ÀÏ ÃÖ°íÀÇ Á¸ÀçÀÚ°¡ Á¸ÀçÇϰí, ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÀÚ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ À¯·ÂÇÑ µÎ Á¸ÀçÀÚ¸¦ âÁ¶ÇÏ¿© ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀÚ±âÀÇ º»¼º °¡¿îµ¥¼ Àû´çÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ ½Å °¡¿îµ¥ ¿À¸£¹«Áîµå(Ormuzd)(±×¸®½º ÀÎÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¿À¸£¸¶½ºµ¥¶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù)´Â Ãæ½ÇÇÏ°Ô ±×ÀÇ Ã¢Á¶ÀÚ¿¡ ³²¾Æ¼ ¸ðµç ¼±ÀÇ ¿øÃµÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǾúÀ¸³ª, ¾Æ¾Æ¸®¸¸(Ahriman)[¾Æ¸¶¸®¸¶³×½º]Àº ¹Ý¿ªÇÏ¿© Áö»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ¾ÇÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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Ormuzd created man and supplied him with
all the materials of happiness; but Ahriman marred this
happiness by introducing evil into the world, and creating
savage beasts and poisonous reptiles and plants. In
consequence of this, evil and good are now mingled
together in every part of the world, and the followers of
good and evil- the adherents of Ormuzd and Ahriman- carry
on incessant war. But this state of things will not last
for ever. The time will come when the adherents of Ormuzd
shall everywhere be victorious, and Ahriman and his
followers be consigned to darkness for ever.
[see also: Zoroastrian
cosmology (The Bundahishn - Zand-agahih
sources)]
[see also: Zoroastrian
cosmology (The Selections of Zadspram -
includes Zurvanite sources)]
[see also: Zoroastrianism] |
¿À¸£¹«Áîµå´Â Àΰ£À» âÁ¶Çϰí Çູ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¾Æ¸®¸¸Àº ¼¼°è¿¡ ¾ÇÀ» µµÀÔÇÏ°í »ç³ª¿î Áü½Â°ú À¯µ¶ÇÑ ÆÄÃæ·ù³ª ½Ä¹°À» âÁ¶ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ ÇູÀ» ¼Õ»ó½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±× °á°ú, Áö±ÝÀº ¼¼°èÀÇ µµÃ³¿¡ ¾Ç°ú ¼±ÀÌ µÚ¼¯¿© ÀÖ°í, ¼±¿¡ µû¸£´Â ÀÚ¿Í ¾Ç¿¡ µû¸£´Â ÀÚ-¿À¸£¹«ÁîµåÀÇ µµ´ç°ú ¾Æ¾Æ¸®¸¸ÀÇ µµ´ç-°¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ÅõÀïÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀåÂ÷ ¿À¸£¹«Áîµå µµ´çÀÌ µµÃ³¿¡¼ ½Â¸®¸¦ °ÅµÎ°í ¾Æ¾Æ¸®¸¸°ú ±×ÀÇ µµ´çÀº ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ¾ÏÈæ ¼Ó¿¡ »ì ¶§°¡ À̸¦ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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The religious rites of the ancient Persians were
exceedingly simple. They used neither temples, altars, nor
statues, and performed their sacrifices on the tops of
mountains. They adored fire, light, and the sun as emblems
of Ormuzd, the source of all light and purity, but did not
regard them as independent deities. |
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°í´ë Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ ÀÎÀÇ Á¾±³ ÀǽÄÀº ´ë´ÜÈ÷ °£¼ÒÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ½ÅÀüÀ̳ª Á¦´Ü, ¶Ç´Â Á¶»ó(ðÁßÀ)µµ ¾øÀÌ, ´Ù¸¸ »ê²À´ë±â¿¡¼ Á¦¹°À» ¿Ã¸± »ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ºÒ°ú ºû, ±×¸®°í žçÀ» ¼þ¹èÇß´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç ºû°ú ¼ø°áÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀÌ ¿À¸£¹«ÁîµåÀÇ »ó¡À̾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀ» °¢°¢ µ¶¸³ÇÑ ½ÅÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. |
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The religious rites
and ceremonies were regulated by the priests, who were
called Magi.
The learning of the Magi was connected with astrology and
enchantment, in which they were so celebrated that their
name was applied to all orders of magicians and
enchanters. |
Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀº <¸¶±âMagi>¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ½Â·Áµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °üÀåµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¶±âÀÇ Çй®Àº Á¡¼º¼ú°ú ¿ä¼ú¿¡µµ °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ°í ±×µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¸é¿¡¼ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ À¯¸íÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î, ¸¶±â¶ó´Â À̸§Àº ¸ðµç ¸¶¹ý»ç³ª ¿ä¼ú»ç¿¡°Ôµµ ¾²ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
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Wordsworth
thus alludes to the worship of the Persians:¡¡
"...the Persians,- zealous to reject
Altar and Image, and the inclusive walls
And roofs of temples built by human hands,-
The loftiest heights ascending, from their tops,
With myrtle-wreathed Tiara on his brows,
Presented sacrifice to Moon and Stars,
And to the Winds and mother Elements,
And the whole circle of the Heavens, for him
A sensitive existence and a God."
(Excursion,
Book IV.)
In "Childe Harold" Byron
speaks thus of the Persian worship:
"Not vainly did the early Persian make
His altar the high places and the peak
Of earth-o'er-gazing mountains, and thus take
A fit and unwalled temple, there to seek
The Spirit, in whose honour shrines are weak,
Upreared of human hands. Come and compare
Columns and idol-dwellings, Goth or Greek,
With Nature's realms of worship, earth and air,
Nor fix on fond abodes to circumscribe thy prayer."
(III.
91.) |
¡¡
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The religion of Zoroaster continued
to flourish even after the introduction of
Christianity, and in the third century was the dominant
faith of the East, till the rise of the Mahometan power
and the conquest
of Persia by the Arabs in the seventh century, who
compelled the greater number of the Persians to renounce
their ancient faith. Those who refused to abandon the
religion of their ancestors fled to the deserts of Kerman
and to Hindustan, where they still exist under the name of
Parsees, a name derived from Paris, the ancient name of
Persia. The Arabs call them Guebers, from an Arabic word
signifying unbelievers. At Bombay the Parsees are at this
day a very active, intelligent, and wealthy class. For
purity of life, honesty, and conciliatory manners, they
are favourably distinguished. They have numerous temples
to Fire, which they adore as the symbol of the
divinity.
[see also: Traditional
Zoroastrianism: Tenets of the Religion] |
Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅͱ³´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³°¡ µµÀÔµÈ ÈÄ¿¡µµ ¹øÃ¢ÇßÀ¸¸ç, 3¼¼±â¿¡ À̸£·¯¼´Â µ¿¹æÀÇ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ Á¾±³°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¶È£¸ä±³ÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀÌ ´ëµÎÇϰí 7¼¼±â¿¡ ¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ ÀÎÀÌ Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ¸¦ Á¤º¹ÇÏÀÚ, ±×µéÀº ¸¹Àº Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ Àο¡°Ô ÀÌÁ¦±îÁöÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³¸¦ ¹ö¸®µµ·Ï °¿äÇß´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© Á¶»óÀÇ Á¾±³¸¦ Æ÷±âÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº Äɸ£¸¸ »ç¸·°ú Àεµ·Î µµ¸ÁÇߴµ¥, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±×µéÀº ÆÄ¸£½Ã ±³µµ¶ó°í ºÒ¸®¸ç, ±×°÷¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÆÄ¸£½Ã(Parsee)¶ó´Â ¸íĪÀº Æä¸£½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¿¾À̸§ ÆÄ¸£½º(Pars)¿¡¼ À¯·¡ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ ÀÎÀº ±×µéÀ» ±ÍÀ̹ö(Gueber)¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Âµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ¾î·Î ¹«½Å¾ÓÀÚ¶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ º½º£ÀÌ¿¡¼ ÆÄ¸£½Ã ±³µµ´Â ´ë´ÜÈ÷ Ȱµ¿ÀûÀ̰í ÀÌÁöÀûÀ̸ç, ±×¸®°í ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ °è±ÞÀ¸·Î¼, ±×µéÀº ¼ø°á¼º°ú Á¤Á÷°ú ¿Â¼øÇÑ Åµµ·Î »ýȰ¿¡ ÀÓÇÏ´Â ¶Ù¾î³ Á¸Àç°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ½ÅÀÇ »ó¡À¸·Î ¼þ¹èÇÏ´Â ºÒÀ» ¹Þµé±â À§Çؼ ¸¹Àº ½ÅÀüÀ» ¼¼¿ü´Ù.
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The Persian religion makes the subject of the finest tale
in Moore's
"Lalla Rookh," the "Fire Worshippers."
The Gueber chief says:
¡¡
"Yes! I am of that impious race,
Those slaves of Fire, that morn and even
Hail their creator's dwelling-place
Among the living lights of heaven;
Yes I am of that outcast crew
To Iran and to vengeance true,
Who curse the hour your Arabs came
To desecrate our shrines of flame,
And swear before God's burning eye
To break our country's chains or die."
[see also: Zoroasterism]
[see also: The
Splendor of Persia]
[see also: The
Fall of the Peacock Throne]
¡¡ |
¡¡
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HINDU MYTHOLOGY |
ÀεµÀÇ ½ÅÈ
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The religion of the Hindus is professedly founded on the Vedas.
To these books of their scripture they attach the greatest
sanctity, and state that Brahma himself composed them at
the creation. But the present arrangement of the Vedas is
attributed to the sage Vyasa, about five thousand years
ago.
[see also: The
Vedas]
[see also: The
Mahabharata of Vyasa]
[see also: The
Rig Veda (selections)]
[see also: The
Bhagvat Gita (Sanskrit)]
[see also: Bhagavad-gita
As It Is (translation with commentary)]
[see also: Origins
of Sanskrit] |
ÈùµÎ±³´Â <º£´Ù>¸¦ ±âÃÊ·Î Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖÁöÀÇ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀº ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ¼º¼ÀÎ ÀÌ ¼ºÀüÀ» °¡Àå ½Å¼ºÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ¼ºÀüÀº ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶[Ûïô¸] ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸¸¹°À» âÁ¶ÇÒ ¶§, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÆíÂùÇß´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿À´Ã°ú °°ÀÌ ÆíÂùµÈ °ÍÀº ¾à 5õ³â Àü ¹ÙÀÌ»þ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÆíÂùµÈ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.
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The Vedas undoubtedly teach the belief of one supreme God.
The name of this deity is Brahma.
His attributes are represented by the three personified
powers of creation, preservation, and destruction, which
under the respective names of Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva
form the Trimurti
or triad of principal Hindu gods. Of the inferior gods
the most important are:
1. Indra,
the god of heaven, of thunder, lightning, storm, and
rain;
2. Agni,
the god of fire;
3. Yama,
the god of the infernal regions;
4. Surya,
the god of the sun.
Brahma is the creator of the universe, and the source from
which all the individual deities have sprung, and into
which all will ultimately be absorbed. "As milk
changes to curd, and water to ice, so is Brahma variously
transformed and diversified, without aid of exterior means
of any sort." The human soul, according to the Vedas,
is a portion of the supreme ruler, as a spark is of the
fire.
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<º£´Ù>´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ À¯ÀÏ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ½ÅÀÇ À̸§Àº ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶ÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼Ó¼ºÀº <âÁ¶ÀÚ>, <º¸Á¸ÀÚ>, <ÆÄ±«ÀÚ> ¶ó´Â ¼¼ °³ÀÇ ÀÇÀÎÈµÈ ½Å¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Ç¥ÇöµÇ°í Àִµ¥, À̰ÍÀº °¢°¢ ,ºê¶óÀ̸¶>, <ºñ½Ã´©>, <½Ã¹Ù>¶ó´Â ¸íĪÀ¸·Î Æ®¸®¹«¸£Æ¼, Áï °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¼¼ ½ÅÀÇ ÀÏü»óÀ» Çü¼ºÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×º¸´Ù ÇÏÀ§ÀÇ ½Åµé Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½ ½ÅµéÀÌ´Ù.
1. õ°øÀÇ ½Å Àεå¶ó-¿ì·Ú ¹ø°¹ºÒ, ÆøÇ³¿ìÀÇ ½ÅÀÌ´Ù. 2. ºÒÀÇ ½Å ¾Æ±×´Ï. 3. Áö¿ÁÀÇ ½Å ¾ß¸¶. 4. žçÀÇ ½Å ¼ö·ªÀÌ´Ù.
ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶´Â ¿ìÁÖÀÇ Ã¢Á¶ÀÚ¿ä, ÀÌ ½ÅÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸ðµç °³º°ÀûÀÌ ¿©·¯ ½ÅÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϰí, ¶Ç ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ÀÌ ½Å¿¡°Ô·Î Èí¼öµÇ´Â Á¸ÀçÀÌ´Ù. <¸¶Ä¡ ¿ìÀ¯°¡ ÀÀÀ¯(ëêêá)·Î º¯Çϰí, ¹°ÀÌ ¾óÀ½À¸·Î º¯ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶´Â ¾î¶² ¿ÜºÎ ¼ö´ÜÀÇ µµ¿òµµ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô º¯ÈÇÑ´Ù.> <º£´Ù>¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥Àº ºÒ²ÉÀÌ ºÒÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀÎ °Í°ú °°ÀÌ ÃÖ°íÀÇ Áö¹èÀÚÀÎ ½ÅÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀÌ´Ù.
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¡¡
VISHNU
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¡¡
ºñ½Ã´©
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Vishnu
occupies the second place in the triad of the Hindus, and
is the personification of the preserving principle. To
protect the world in various epochs of danger, Vishnu
descended to the earth in different incarnations, or
bodily forms, which descents are called Avatars.
They are very numerous, but ten are more particularly
specified. The first Avatar was as Matsya,
the Fish, under which form Vishnu preserved Manu,
the ancestor of the human race, during a universal deluge.
The second
Avatar was in the form of a Tortoise, which form he
assumed to support the earth when the gods were churning
the sea for the beverage of immortality, Amrita. |
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ºñ½Ã´©´Â ÈùµÎ±³°¡ ¹Ï´Â Æ®¸®¹«¸£Æ¼ °¡¿îµ¥¼ Á¦ 2À§¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â º¸Á¸ÀÇ ½ÅÀ» ÀÇÀÎÈÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¼¼°è¸¦ ¿©·¯ ½Ã´ëÀÇ À§ÇèÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼öÈ£Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¿©·¯ ÇüÅ·ΠȽÅÇÏ¿© Áö»óÀ¸·Î ³»·Á¿Ô´Âµ¥, ±× °Çϸ¦ ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£´Â ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¼ö°¡ ¸¹À¸³ª, ±×Áß Æ¯È÷ À¯¸íÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¿ °³ ÀÖ´Ù. ù°¹ø ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£´Â ¸¶¾²¾ß, Áï ¹°°í±â·Î¼ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Âµ¥, ºñ½Ã´©´Â ÀÌ ÇüŸ¦ ÇÏ°í¼ ÀÌ ¼¼°è¸¦ ÈÛ¾´ ´ë È«¼ö±â¿¡ ÀηùÀÇ Á¶»ó ¸¶´©¸¦ º¸È£Çß´Ù. µÑ°¹ø ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£´À °ÅºÏÀÌ ÇüÅ·Π³ªÅ¸³µ´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ÇüŸ¦ ºñ½Ã´©°¡ ÃëÇÑ °ÍÀº <¾Ï¸®Å¸>¶ó´Â ºÒ·ÎºÒ»çÀÇ À½·á¸¦ ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ ½ÅµéÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ ÈÖÁ£°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§, Áö±¸¸¦ ¶°¹ÞÄ¡±â À§Çؼ¿´´Ù. |
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We may omit the other
Avatars, which were of the same general character,
that is, interpositions to protect the right or to punish
wrong-doers, and come to the ninth, which is the most
celebrated of the Avatars of Vishnu, in which he appeared
in the human form of Krishna,
an invincible warrior, who by his exploits relieved the
earth from the tyrants who oppressed it.
Buddha is by the followers of the Brahminical religion
regarded as a delusive incarnation of Vishnu, assumed by
him in order to induce the Asuras,
opponents of the gods, to abandon the sacred ordinances of
the Vedas, by which means they lost their strength and
supremacy.
Kalki
is the name of the tenth Avatar, in which Vishnu will
appear at the end of the present age of the world to
destroy all vice and wickedness, and to restore mankind to
virtue and purity.
[see also: The
Avatar in the Vedic Tradition]
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±×¿ÜÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£´Â »ý·«Çصµ ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù Á¤ÀǸ¦ ¼öÈ£Çϰųª ¹üÁËÀÚ¸¦ ¹úÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °£¼·À̶ó´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Æ¯Â¡À» °¡Áö°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ À̰͵éÀº »ý·«ÇÏ°í ºñ½Ã´©ÀÇ ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£·Î ¿Å¾Æ°¡°Ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£´Â ¹«ÀûÀÇ ¹«»ç Å©¸®½Ã³ªÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π³ªÅ¸³ª, ±× °øÀû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö±¸¸¦ ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚÀÎ Æø±ºµéÀÇ ¼öÁß¿¡¼ ±¸ÃâÇß´Ù.
¹Ù¶ó¹®±³µµµé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ºÎ´Ù´Â ºñ½Ã´©ÀÇ È½ÅÀÌÁö¸¸ ƯÀÌÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áø °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¿©·¯ ½ÅÀÇ ÀûÀÎ ¾Æ¼ö¶óµéÀ» ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ¿© <º£´Ù>ÀÇ ¼ºÀüÀ» ¹ö¸®°Ô ÇÏ¿©, ±× °á°ú ±×µéÀÇ Èû°ú ÆÐ±ÇÀ»»ó½ÇÄÉ ÇÑ ±â¸¸ÀûÀÎ Àǵµ¸¦ °¡Áø °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.
¿¹øÂ° ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£´Â Ä®±â¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ºñ½Ã´©´Â Çö¼¼´ëÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ ¸ðµç ¾ÇÇà°ú ºÒÀǸ¦ ¸ê¸Á½Ã۰í, Àηù¸¦ ¹Ì´ö°ú ¼ø°á·Î ȸº¹½Ã۱â À§ÇØ ³ªÅ¸³ª¸®¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.
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¡¡
SIVA
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¡¡
½Ã¹Ù
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Siva
(Shiva) is the third person of the Hindu triad. He is
the personification of the destroying principle. Though
the third name, he is, in respect to the number of his
worshippers and the extension of his worship, before
either of the others. In the Puranas (the scriptures of
the modern Hindu religion) no allusion is made to the
original power of this god as a destroyer; that power not
being to be called into exercise till after the expiration
of twelve millions of years, or when the universe will
come to an end; and Mahadeva (another name for Siva) is
rather the representative of regeneration than of
destruction.
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½Ã¹Ù´Â ÈùµÎ±³ÀÇ Æ®¸®¹«¸£Æ¼ °¡¿îµ¥¼ ¼Â°¹ø ½ÅÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã¹Ù´Â ÆÄ±«ÀÇ ½ÅÀ» ÀÇÀÎÈÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̸§Àº ¼Â°¹ø¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ±× ½Å¾ÓÀÚÀÇ ¼ö¿Í ±× ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ³Î¸® º¸±ÞµÈ Á¡¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×´Â ´Ù¸¥ µÎ ½ÅÀÇ ÁöÀ§º¸´Ù ¿ì¿ùÇÏ´Ù. <Ǫ¶ó³ª>(±Ù´ë ÈùµÎ±³ ¼ºÀü)¿¡´Â ÆÄ±«ÀڷμÀÇ ÀÌ ½ÅÀÇ º»·¡ÀÇ Èû¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹« ¾ð±Þµµ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ ÈûÀº õ À̹鸸 ³â ÈÄ¿¡ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ Á¾¸»ÀÌ ¿Ã ¶§±îÁö´Â Çà»çµÇÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸¶Çϵ¥¹Ù(½Ã¹ÙÀÇ º°¸í)´Â ÆÄ±«º¸´Ù ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Àç»ýÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚÀÌ´Ù. |
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The worshippers of Vishnu and Siva form two sects, each of
which proclaims the superiority of its favourite deity,
denying the claims of the other, and Brahma, the creator,
having finished his work, seems to be regarded as no
longer active, and has now only one temple in India, while
Mahadeva and Vishnu have many. The worshippers of Vishnu
are generally distinguished by a greater tenderness for
life, and consequent abstinence from animal food, and a
worship less cruel than that of the followers of Siva.
[see also: Hinduism
- Gods and Goddesses]
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ºñ½Ã´© ½ÅÀÚ¿Í ½Ã¹Ù ½ÅÀÚ´Â µÎ ÆÄ¸¦ Çü¼ºÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °¢ ÆÄ´Â ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ½ÅÀÌ ¿ì¿ùÇÔÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ°í ´Ù¸¥ ÆÄÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. âÁ¶ÁÖÀÎ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶°¡ ±×ÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ³¡³»ÀÚ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ À̰ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ½ÅÀÇ ÀÓ¹«´Â ³¡³ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö, ±× ½ÅÀüµµ ÇöÀç´Â Àεµ¿¡ Çϳª¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±× ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¸¶Çϵ¥¹Ù¿Í ½Ã¹ÙÂÊÀº ¸¹Àº ½ÅÀüÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºñ½Ã´© ½ÅÀÚµéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ý¸íÀ» ±ÍÈ÷ ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³Î¸® ¾â·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î À°½ÄÀº Àý´ë·Î ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±× ¼þ¹è ¹æ¹ýµµ ½Ã¹Ù ½ÅÀÚµéó·³ °áÄÚ ÀÜÀÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù.
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JUGGERNAUT
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Àð°¡³ªÅ¸
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Whether
the worshippers of juggernaut
are to be reckoned among the followers of Vishnu or Siva, our
authorities differ. The temple stands near the shore, about three
hundred miles southwest of Calcutta. The idol is a carved block of
wood, with a hideous face, painted black, and a distended blood-red
mouth. On festival days the throne of the image is placed on a tower
sixty feet high, moving on wheels. Six long ropes are attached to
the tower, by which the people draw it along. The priests and their
attendants stand round the throne on the tower, and occasionally
turn to the worshippers with songs and gestures. While the tower
moves along numbers of the devout worshippers throw themselves on
the ground, in order to be crushed by the wheels, and the multitude
shout in approbation of the act, as a pleasing sacrifice to the
idol. Every year, particularly at two great festivals in March and
July, pilgrims flock in crowds to the temple. Not less than seventy
or eighty thousand people are said to visit the place on these
occasions, when all castes eat together.
[Juggernaut
image 1 - 31K] [Juggernaut
image 2 - 55K]
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Àð°¡³ªÅ¸
¼þ¹èÀÚµéÀ» ºñ½Ã´©³ª ½Ã¹Ù ½ÅÀÚµé°ú °°Àº ºÎ·ù¿¡
³Ö¾î¾ß ÇÏ´À³Ä´Â °ÍÀº ÇÐÀÚ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀǰßÀÌ ´Ù¸£´Ù.
Àð°¡³ªÅ¸ ½ÅÀüÀº ÄÌĿŸ ¼³²¹æ ¾à 3¹é ¸¶ÀÏ ÁöÁ¡ÀÎ
ÇØ¾È °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ¼ ÀÖ´Ù. ½Å»óÀº ¸ñ»óÀ¸·Î °ËÀº Ä¥À»
ÇÑ ¹«¼¿î ¾ó±¼¿¡ ½Ã»¹°Ç ÀÓÀ» ¹ú¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. Á¦Àü
¶§¿¡ ±× ½Å»óÀÇ ¿ÁÁ´ 60ÇÇÆ® ³ôÀÌÀÇ Å¾ À§¿¡
¾ÈÄ¡µÇ°í, ÀÌ Å¾Àº ¼ö·¹¹ÙÄû·Î ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
¿©¼¸ °³ÀÇ ±ä ÁÙÀÌ Å¾¿¡ ¸Å¾îÁ® ÀÖ¾î »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌ
ÁٷΠžÀ» À̲ô´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½Â·Á³ª ±× ½ÃÁ¾µéÀº ž
À§ ¿ÁÁÂÀÇ ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ¼¼ °¡²û ½ÅÀÚµé ÂÊÀ» º¸°í´Â
³ë·¡¸¦ ºÎ¸£°Å³ª ¸öÁþÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
žÀÌ ¿òÁ÷À̰í ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ¿·ÄÇÑ ½ÅÀÚµéÀº ´ëÁö¿¡
¸öÀ» ´øÁ® Â÷·û¿¡ ±ò¸®±â¸¦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù. ±ºÁßÀº ÀÌ
ÇàÀ§¸¦ ½Å»ó(ãêßÀ)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ Èñ»ýÀ¸·Î¼
ĪÂùÇϰí ȯ¼ºÀ» ¿Ã¸°´Ù. ¸Å³â, ƯÈ÷ 3¿ù°ú 7¿ùÀÇ 2´ë
Á¦Àü ¶§¿¡´Â ¼ø·ÊÀÚµéÀÌ ¶¼¸¦ Áö¾î Àð°¡³ªÅ¸
½ÅÀüÀ¸·Î ¸ð¿©µç´Ù. À̶§¿¡´Â 7¸¸ ³»Áö 8¸¸ÀÇ
±ºÁßÀÌ À̰÷¿¡ ¸ð¿©µé¾î,¸ðµç °è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
½Ä»ç¸¦ °°ÀÌ ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
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CASTES
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Ä«½ºÆ®
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The
division of the Hindus into classes or castes,
with fixed occupations, existed from the earliest times. It is
supposed by some to have been founded upon conquest, the first three
castes being composed of a foreign race, who subdued the natives of
the country and reduced them to an inferior caste. Others trace it
to the fondness of perpetuating, by descent from father to son,
certain offices or occupations.
The Hindu tradition gives the following account of the origin of the
various castes: At the creation Brahma resolved to give the earth
inhabitants who should be direct emanations from his own body.
Accordingly from his mouth came forth the eldest born, Brahma (the
priest), to whom he confided the four Vedas; from his right arm
issued Shatriya (the warrior), and from his left, the warrior's
wife. His thighs produced Vaissyas, male and female (agriculturists
and traders), and lastly from his feet sprang Sudras (mechanics and
labourers).
[see also: The
Caste System and the Stages of Life in Hinduism]
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°íÁ¤µÈ Á÷¾÷À» °¡Áø ¿©·¯ °è±ÞÀ¸·Î, Áï Ä«½ºÆ®[°è±ÞÁ¦]·Î
±¸ºÐµÈ °ÍÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ¿¾³¯ºÎÅÍÀÌ´Ù. Àϼ³¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÀÌ
°è±ÞÁ¦´Â Á¤º¹¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î, »óÀ§ÀÇ ¼¼ °è±ÞÀº
¿Ü·¡ Á¾Á·À¸·Î¼ ±×µéÀº ¿øÁÖ¹ÎÀ» Á¤º¹ÇÏ¿© °¡Àå
ÇÏÀ§ÀÇ °è±ÞÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¼³¿¡
ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÌ °è±ÞÁ¦´Â ºÎÄ£À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀڽĿ¡°Ô·Î
ÀüÇÏ¿©ÁüÀ¸·Î½á ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ °üÁ÷À̳ª Á÷¾÷À»
¿µ¼Ó½ÃŰ·Á´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿å¸Á¿¡¼ À¯·¡ÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í
ÇÑ´Ù.
ÀεµÀÇ Àü¼³Àº ÀÌ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö Ä«½ºÆ®ÀÇ ±â¿ø¿¡
´ëÇØ¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¼³¸íÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶´Â
¼¼°è¸¦ âÁ¶ÇÒ ¶§, Áö»ó¿¡´Â ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ö¿¡¼
Á÷Á¢ ³ª¿Â ÀÚ¸¦ »ì°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í °á½ÉÇß´Ù. µû¶ó¼
ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶ÀÇ ÀÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª(Á¦°ü)°¡
ž´Âµ¥, ±×¿¡°Ô 4±ÇÀÇ <º£´Ù>¸¦ ¸Ã°å´Ù
±×ÀÇ ¿À¸¥ÆÈ¿¡¼´Â Å©»þÆ®¸®¾Æ[¹«»ç]°¡, ±×¸®°í
¿ÞÆÈ¿¡¼´Â ¹«»çÀÇ ¾Æ³»°¡ ž´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾ç
³ÐÀû´Ù¸®¿¡¼ ³²³à ¹ÙÀÌ»þ(³óºÎµé°ú »óÀεé)°¡
³ª¿À°í, ³¡À¸·Î ±×ÀÇ ¹ß¿¡¼´Â ¼öµå¶ó(Á÷°øµé°ú
³ëµ¿ÀÚµé)°¡ ³ª¿Ô´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
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The
four sons of Brahma, so significantly brought into the world, became
the fathers of the human race, and heads of their respective castes.
They were commanded to regard the four Vedas as containing all the
rules of their faith, and all that was necessary to guide them in
their religious ceremonies. They were also commanded to take rank in
the order of their birth, the Brahmans uppermost, as having sprung
from the head of Brahma.
A strong line of demarcation is drawn between the first three castes
and the Sudras. The former are allowed to receive instruction from
the Vedas, which is not permitted to the Sudras. The Brahmans
possess the privilege of teaching the Vedas, and were in former
times in exclusive possession of all knowledge. Though the sovereign
of the country was chosen from the Shatriya class, also called
Rajputs, the Brahmans possessed the real power, and were the royal
counsellors, the judges and magistrates of the country; their
persons and property were inviolable; and though they committed the
greatest crimes, they could only be banished from the kingdom. They
were to be treated by sovereigns with the greatest respect, for
"a Brahman, whether learned or ignorant, is a powerful
divinity."
When the Brahman arrives at years of maturity it becomes his duty to
marry. He ought to be supported by the contributions of the rich,
and not to be obliged to gain his subsistence by any laborious or
productive occupation. But as all the Brahmans could not be
maintained by the working classes of the community, it was found
necessary to allow them to engage in productive employments.
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ÀÌ·¸°Ô
Áß´ëÇÑ ÀÇÀǸ¦ °¡Áö°í ¼¼»ó¿¡ ³ª¿Â ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶ÀÇ ³×
¾ÆµéµéÀº ÀηùÀÇ Á¶»óÀÌ µÇ°í °¢ °è±ÞÀÇ
¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº 4±ÇÀÇ <º£´Ù>°¡
±×µéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ ¸ðµç ±ÔÄ¢°ú Á¾±³ÀǽÄÀÇ ¸ðµç
ÁØÄ¢À» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çϵµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÀ»
¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶Ç ÅÂ¾î³ ¼ø¼´ë·Î °¢°¢ ÁöÀ§¿¡
¾Éµµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ºÎ¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª[ÆÄ¶ó¹®]´Â
ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶ÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡¼ ³ª¿ÔÀ¸¹Ç·Î °¡Àå ³ôÀº ÁöÀ§¸¦
Â÷ÁöÇß´Ù.
ÀÌ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¼¼ °è±Þ°ú ¼öµå¶ó »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ
°æ°è¼±ÀÌ ±×¾îÁ³´Ù. ÀüÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â <º£´ô>ÀÇ
±³À°ÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª ¼öµå¶ó¿¡°Ô´Â ±ÝÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù.
ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±ÞÀº <º£´Ù>¸¦ °¡¸£Ä¥ Ư±ÇÀ»
¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ¸ðµç Áö½ÄÀ» µ¶Á¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
ÀÌ ³ª¶óÀÇ ÁÖ±ÇÀÚ´Â ¶óÀðǪƮ¶ó°íµµ ºÎ¸£´Â
Å©»þÆ®¸®¾Æ °è±Þ¿¡¼ ¼±ÃâµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ½Ç±ÇÀº
ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±ÞÀÌ Àå¾ÇÇߴµ¥, ±×µéÀº ±¹¿ÕÀÇ
Á¶¾ðÀÚÀ̸ç ÇàÁ¤°üÀ̱⵵ Çß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ
Àΰݰú Àç»êÀº ħ¹üÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î
±×µéÀº ¾Æ¹«¸® Áß´ëÇÑ ¹üÁ˸¦ ¹üÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ±¹¿Ü·Î
Ãß¹æµÉ »ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µé¿¡°Õ ±¹¿Õµé¸¶Àúµµ ÃÖ´ëÀÇ
°æÀǸ¦ Ç¥ÇÏ¸é¼ ´Ù·çÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù.
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé <ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±Þ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â
Çй®ÀÌ Àְųª ¹«½ÄÇϰųª°£¿¡ À¯·ÂÇÑ ½Å>À̱â
¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.
ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±ÞÀÌ ¼º³â¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ¸é °áÈ¥ÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸ÀÌ
±×ÀÇ Àǹ«°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±ÞÀº ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ÀÚÀÇ °ø¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
ºÎ¾çµÇ¸ç ³ëµ¿À̳ª »ý¾÷¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© »ý°è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÒ
Àǹ«°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±ÞÀÌ ±×
»çȸÀÇ ³ëµ¿°è±Þ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ºÎ¾çµÉ ¼ö´Â ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
±×µéµµ »ý¾÷¿¡ Á¾»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇÒ Çʿ䰡
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
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We
need say little of the two intermediate classes, whose rank and
privileges may be readily inferred from their occupations. The
Sudras or fourth class are bound to servile attendance on the higher
classes, especially the Brahmans, but they may follow mechanical
occupations and practical arts, as painting and writing, or become
traders or husbandmen. Consequently they sometimes grow rich, and it
will also sometimes happen that Brahmans become poor. That fact
works its usual consequence, and rich Sudras sometimes employ poor
Brahmans in menial occupations.
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µÎ
Áß°£ °è±Þ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â, ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿Í Ư±ÇÀº
¿©±â¼ ±×µéÀÇ Á÷¾÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°Ô À¯ÃßÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±ä ¸»À» ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù. ¼öµå¶ó, Áï,
³×¹øÂ° °è±ÞÀº ±×µé º¸´Ù »óÀ§ÀÇ °è±Þ, ƯÈ÷
ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±Þ¿¡°Ô´Â ³ë¿¹Ã³·³ ½ÃÁßÀ» µé¾î¾ß¸¸
Çß´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ±â°è¸¦ ¸¸Áö´Â ÀÏÀ̳ª, ±Û¾¾¸¦
¾²°Å³ª ±×¸²À» ±×¸®´Â µî ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ±â¼ú¿¡ Á¾»çÇÒ
¼öµµ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ¶Ç´Â »óÀÎÀ̳ª ³óºÎ°¡ µÉ ¼öµµ
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ±×µéÀº ¶§·Î´Â ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í
ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±Þ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ÀÚ°¡ °¡³ÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¶§µµ
ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·± °æ¿ì, ÀÚ¿¬È÷ ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ¼öµå¶ó°¡
°¡³ÇÑ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±Þ »ç¶÷À» ÇÏÀÎÀ¸·Î °í¿ëÇÏ´Â
ÀÏÀÌ °£È¤ »ý°å´Ù.
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There
is another class lower even than the Sudras, for it is not one of
the original pure classes, but springs from an unauthorized union of
individuals of different castes. These are the Pariahs, who are
employed in the lowest services and treated with the utmost
severity. They are compelled to do what no one else can do without
pollution. They are not only considered unclean themselves, but they
render unclean everything they touch. They are deprived of all civil
rights, and stigmatized by particular laws regulating their mode of
life, their houses, and their furniture. They are not allowed to
visit the pagodas or temples of the other castes, but have their own
pagodas and religious exercises. They are not suffered to enter the
houses of the other castes; if it is done incautiously or from
necessity, the place must be purified by religious ceremonies. They
must not appear at public markets, and are confined to the use of
particular wells, which they are obliged to surround with bones of
animals, to warn others against using them. They dwell in miserable
hovels, distant from cities and villages, and are under no
restrictions in regard to food, which last is not a privilege, but a
mark of ignominy, as if they were so degraded that nothing could
pollute them. The three higher castes are prohibited entirely the
use of flesh. The fourth is allowed to use all kinds except beef,
but only the lowest caste is allowed every kind of food without
restriction.
[see also: Caste
System]
[see also: The
Class Structure]
[see also: Caste
Problem in India]
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ÀÌ
¼öµå¶óº¸´Ù ´õ ³·Àº °è±ÞÀÌ Àִµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº
¿ø·¡ºÎÅÍ ¼ø¼öÇÑ ³× °è±Þ ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í
¾ßÇÕ¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº
ÆÄ¶óÀ̾߸£Á·À¸·Î¼ °¡Àå ºñõÇÑ ÀÏ¿¡ Á¾»çÇϰí
°¡Àå Ȥµ¶ÇÑ ´ë¿ì¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº
ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ºÒ°áÇÑ ÀÏÀ» Çϵµ·Ï °¿ä´çÇß´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ºÒ°áÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ°í ÀÖÀ»
»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÇ ¼ÕÀÌ ´ê´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ
ºÒ°áÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸ðµç °ø¹Î±ÇÀ»
¹ÚÅ»´çÇßÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÇ »ýȰ¾ç½Ä, °¡¿Á,
°¡±¸ µîÀ» ´Ü¼ÓÇϴ Ưº°¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿À¸íÀÇ ³«ÀÎÀÌ
ÂïÇû´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ±×µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ °è±Þ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Å¾À̳ª
»ç¿øÀÇ Âü¹è¸¦ ±ÝÁö´çÇÏ°í ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç¿ø°ú
ÀǽÄÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥
°è±ÞÀÇ Áý¿¡ µé¾î°¡´Â °É ±ÝÁö´çÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸¾à
ºÎÁÖÀdzª ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÑ »çÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±×·± ÀÏÀÌ
ÀϾÀ» ¶§¿¡´Â ±× Àå¼Ò´Â Á¾±³ ÀǽĿ¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
Á¤ÇϵǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº °ø¼³½ÃÀå¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª¼´Â
¾ÈµÇ¸ç, ¿ì¹°µµ Ưº°ÇÑ ¿ì¹°¸¸À» »ç¿ëÇϵµ·Ï
Á¦¾ÈÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ì¹°¿¡´Â ÁÖÀ§¿¡ µ¿¹°ÀÇ »À¸¦
¼¼¿ö ÀϹÝÀÎÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ±¸º°ÇØ µÎÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ±×µéÀº µµ½Ã¿Í ¸¶À»·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Ö¸®
¶³¾îÁø ÃʶóÇÑ ¿ÀµÎ¸·Áý¿¡ °ÅÁÖÇϸç, ¸Ô´Â °Í¿¡
°üÇØ¼´Â ¾Æ¹« Á¦Çѵµ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Ư±ÇÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Ä¡¿åÀÇ Ç¥½ÃÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ±×µéÀº
Ÿ¶ôÇÒ ´ë·Î Ÿ¶ôÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸Ô´õ¶óµµ ±×
ÀÌ»ó ±×µéÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µéÁö´Â ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í
»ý°¢Ç߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. »óÀ§ÀÇ ¼¼ °è±ÞÀº Àü¿¬ À°½ÄÀ»
±ÝÁö´çÇϰí, ³× ¹øÂ° °è±ÞÀº ¼è°í±â ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ ¸ðµç
À°½ÄÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇ°í, ÃÖÇÏÀÇ °è±ÞÀº ¾Æ¹« Á¦ÇÑÀ» ¹ÞÁö
¾Ê°í ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸Ô¾îµµ »ó°üÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
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BUDDHA
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ºÎ´Ù
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Buddha, whom the Vedas represent
as a delusive incarnation of Vishnu, is said by his
followers to have been a mortal sage, whose name was
Gautama, called also by the complimentary epithets of
Sakyasinha, the Lion, and Buddha, the Sage.
By a comparison of the various epochs assigned to his birth,
it is inferred that he lived about one thousand years before
Christ.
He was the son of a king; and when in conformity to the
usage of the country he was, a few days after his birth,
presented before the altar of a deity, the image is said to
have inclined its head as a presage of the future greatness
of the new-born prophet. The child soon developed
faculties of the first order, and became equally
distinguished by the uncommon beauty of his person. |
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ºÎ´Ù[ÝÖöí]´Â
<º£´Ù>¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ºñ½Ã´©ÀÇ ±â¸¸ÀûÀÎ
ȽÅÀ̶ó°í Çϳª ±× ½ÅÀÚµé ¸»¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÇÑ
Àΰ£ÀÌ¿ä ¼ºÀÎÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ º»¸íÀº
°íŸ¸¶¶ó Çϰí Á¸ÄªÀ¸·Î´Â »çļ½Ã³ª,»çÀÚ(Þâí),
ºÎ´Ù, ¼ºÀÎ µîÀ¸·Î ºÎ¸£±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.
ºÎ´ÙÀÇ Åº»ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¼³ÀÌ
ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ±× ¿¬´ë¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© º¸¸é, ±×´Â
±×¸®½ºµµº¸´Ùµµ õ³â Àü¿¡ »ýÁ¸ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î
ÃßÃøµÈ´Ù.
±×´Â ¿ÕÀÚ¿´´Ù. ź»ýÇÑ Áö ¼öÀÏ ÈË ±× ³ª¶óÀÇ
°ü½À¿¡ µû¶ó °«³¾Æ±â¸¦ ½ÅÀÇ Á¦´Ü ¾Õ¿¡
°®´Ù³õ¾Ò´õ´Ï, ½Å»óÀº ±×°¡ Àå·¡ À§´ëÇÑ
Àι°ÀÌ µÇ¸®¶ó´Â ÀüÁ¶·Î °í°³¸¦ ¼÷¿´´Ù´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÀÌ´Â °ð ¿ì¼öÇÑ Àç´ÉÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇß°í,
»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×ÀÇ ÀΰÝÀÇ ºñ»óÇÑ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼µµ µÎ°¢À» ³ªÅ¸³Â´Ù. |
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No
sooner had he grown to years of maturity than he began to reflect
deeply on the depravity and misery of mankind, and he conceived the
idea of retiring from society and devoting himself to meditation.
His father in vain opposed this design. Buddha escaped the vigilance
of his guards, and having found a
secure retreat, lived for six years undisturbed in his
devout contemplations. At the expiration of that period he
came forward at Benares as a religious teacher. At
first some who heard him doubted of the soundness of his mind; but
his doctrines soon gained credit, and were propagated so rapidly
that Buddha himself lived to see them spread all over India. He died
at the age of eighty years.
[see also: The
Life of the Buddha]
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¼º³â¿¡
´ÞÇÏÀÚ ±×´Â ÀηùÀÇ Å¸¶ô°ú °í³ú¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ±íÀÌ
»ý°¢Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ°í ¼¼»ó¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª ¸í»ó¿¡
Àá±â·Á´Â »ý°¢À» °®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ºÎÄ£Àº ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ
°èȹ¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇßÀ¸³ª È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
ºÎ´Ù´Â È£À§º´ÀÇ ´«À» ¼Ó¿© ¿Õ±ÃÀ» µµ¸ÁÃÄ ³ª¿Ô´Ù.
±×¸®°í ¾ÈÀüÇÑ Àº½Åó¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿©, 6³â µ¿¾È ´©±¸ÀÇ
¹æÇصµ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í ±íÀº ¸í»ó¿¡ Àá±â¸é¼ »ì¾Ò´Ù. ±×
±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³ªÀÚ, ±×´Â ÇÑ Àüµµ»ç·Î¼ º£³ª¸®½º¿¡
³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â ±×ÀÇ ¼³±³¸¦ µéÀº »ç¶÷Àº ±×ÀÇ
Á¤½Å»óŸ¦ ÀǽÉÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ ¼³±³´Â ¾ó¸¶
°¡Áö ¾Ê¾Æ ½Å¸ÁÀ» ȹµéÇϰí, ±Þ¼Óµµ·Î À¯Æ÷µÇ¾î
±×ÀÇ »ýÁ¸ Áß¿¡ ÀüÀεµ¿¡ ÆÛÁ³´Ù. ±×´Â ¿©µç »ì¿¡
Á×¾ú´Ù.
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The
Buddhists reject entirely the authority of the Vedas, and the
religious observances prescribed in them and kept by the Hindus.
They also reject the distinction of castes, and prohibit all bloody
sacrifices, and allow animal food. Their priests are chosen from all
classes; they are expected to procure their maintenance by
perambulation and begging, and among other things it is their duty
to endeavour to turn to some use things thrown aside as useless by
others, and to discover the medicinal power of plants. But in Ceylon
three orders of priests are recognized; those of the highest order
are usually men of high birth and learning, and are supported at the
principal temples, most of which have been richly endowed by the
former monarchs of the country.
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ºÒ±³µµµéÀº
<º£´Ù>ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À̳ª ±× °¡¿îµ¥ ±ÔÁ¤µÇ¾î
ÈùµÎ±³µµµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁؼöµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Á¾±³Àû °è±ÞÀº
Á¶±Ýµµ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶Ç °è±ÞÀÇ
Â÷º°À» ÀÎÁ¤Ä¡ ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¸ðµç À¯Ç÷Èñ»ýÀ» ±ÝÇÏ¿©
À°½Äµµ ±ÝÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ½Â·Á´Â ¸ðµç °è±Þ¿¡¼
¼±ÃâµÈ´Ù. ±× ´ë½Å ½Â·ÁµéÀº °¢Áö¸¦ µ¹¾Æ´Ù´Ï¸ç
°É½Ä»ýȰÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹ö¸°
Æó¹°À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß°í, ½Ä¹°¿¡¼ ÀÇÇÐÀÇ
È¿·ÂÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Àǹ«¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
½Ç·Ð¿¡¼´Â ¼¼ °è±ÞÀÇ ½Â·Á°¡ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ÃÖ»ó±ÞÀÇ ½Â·Á´Â º¸Åë ±ÍÁ·°ú Çй®À» ÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷À¸·Î, ±×µéÀº ÁÖ¿äÇÑ »ç¿ø¿¡¼ ºÎ¾çµÇ°í
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¿øÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ÀÌ ³ª¶óÀÇ ¿¾
±ºÁÖµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃæºÐÇÑ ±âºÎ¸¦ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
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For
several centuries after the appearance of Buddha, his sect seems to
have been tolerated by the Brahmans, and Buddhism appears to have
penetrated the peninsula of Hindustan in every direction, and to
have been carried to Ceylon,
and to the eastern
peninsula. But afterwards it had to endure in India a
long-continued persecution, which ultimately had the effect of
entirely abolishing it in the country where it had originated, but
to scatter it widely over adjacent countries. Buddhism appears to
have been introduced into China
about the year 65 of our era. From China it was subsequently
extended to Korea,
Japan,
and Java.
[Buddha:
Kamakura, Japan - 25K image]
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ºÎ´Ù°¡
³ªÅ¸³ ÈÄ ¸î ¼¼±â µ¿¾ÈÀº ÀÌ Á¾ÆÄµµ
ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª·ÎºÎÅÍ °ü´ëÈ÷ Ãë±ÞµÈ °Í °°´Ù. ±×·¡¼
ºÒ±³´Â Àεµ Àü¿ª¿¡ ħÅõÇÏ°í ½Ç·Ð°ú µ¿ºÎ ¹Ýµµ¿¡
ÀüÆÄµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ÈÄ¿¡´Â Àεµ¿¡¼ ¿À·§µ¿¾È °è¼ÓÇÏ¿©
¹ÚÇØ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±× °á°ú, ºÒ±³´Â ±× ¹ß»ýÁö¿¡¼´Â
ÀÚÃ븦 °¨Ãß°í ÀÎÁ¢ Á¦±¹¿¡ ³Î¸® ÀüÆÄµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±â¿ø
65³â°æ¿¡ Áß±¹¿¡ Àü·¡µÈ °Í °°À¸¸ç,±×ÈÄ Áß±¹¿¡¼
Çѱ¹, ÀϺ», ÀÚ¹Ù·Î ÀüÆÄµÇ¾ú´Ù.
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THE GRAND LAMA
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´Þ¶óÀÌ ¶ó¸¶
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It
is a doctrine alike of the Brahminical Hindus and of the Buddhist
sect that the confinement of the human soul, an emanation of the
divine spirit, in a human body, is a state of misery, and the
consequence of frailties and sins committed during former
existences. But they hold that some few individuals have appeared on
this earth from time to time, not under the necessity of terrestrial
existence, but who voluntarily descended to the earth to promote the
welfare of mankind. These individuals have gradually assumed the
character of reappearances of Buddha himself, in which capacity the
line is continued till the present day, in the several Lamas of
Thibet, China, and other countries where Buddhism prevails. In
consequence of the victories of Gengis Khan and his successors, the
Lama residing in Thibet was raised to the dignity of chief pontiff
of the sect. A separate province was assigned to him as his own
territory, and besides his spiritual dignity he became to a limited
extent a temporal monarch. He is styled the Dalai Lama.
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½ÅÀÇ
¿µÈ¥¿¡¼ ÅÂ¾î³ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö³ª ½Åü
¼Ó¿¡ À¯ÆóµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½Àº ºñÂüÇÑ »óÅ¿ä, Àü¼¼¿¡ ¹üÇÑ
°ú½Ç°ú ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ °á°ú¶ó´Â ±³ÀÇ´Â ÈùµÎ±³³ª ºÒ±³¿¡
°øÅëµÈ ±³ÀÇÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¶§·Î´Â ¼Ò¼öÀÇ Àΰ£ÀÌ
Áö»óÀÇ »ýÁ¸ÀÇ ÇÊ¿¬¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÚÁøÇÏ¿©
ÀηùÀÇ º¹¸®¸¦ ÁõÁø½Ã۱â À§ÇÏ¿© Áö»ó¿¡
³»·Á¿Ô´Ù°í ºÒ±³µµµéÀº ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁÖÀåµéÀº
Á¡Á¡ ºÒŸ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À縲À̶ó´Â ¼º°ÝÀ» ¶ì°Ô µÇ°í,
±×·¯ÇÑ ÀüÅëÀÌ Æ¼º£Æ®, Áß±¹, ±âŸ ºÒ±³°¡ ¼ºÇàÇϰí
ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ ¶ó¸¶[ÍÔã¬] ¼Ó¿¡¼ ¿À´Ã³¯±îÁö
ÀüÇØ³»·Á¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡±â½ºÄ°ú ±× ÈİèÀÚµéÀÇ
½Â¸®ÀÇ °á°ú, Ƽº£Æ®¿¡ °ÅÁÖÇÏ´Â ¶ó¸¶°¡ ±× Á¾ÆÄÀÇ
±³¿ÕÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ¿À¸£°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í Ưº°ÇÑ
¿µÅä°¡ ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿µÁö·Î¼ ÁÖ¾îÁö°í, ±×´Â ¿µ°èÀÇ
ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ¾É¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾î¶² Á¡¿¡¼µµ
¼Ó°è(áÔÍ£)ÀÇ ±ºÁÖÀ̱⵵ ÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±×´Â ´Þ¶óÀÌ
¶ó¸¶¶ó´Â Īȣ¸¦ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
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The
first Christian missionaries who proceeded to Thibet were surprised
to find there in the heart of Asia a pontifical court and several
other ecclesiastical institutions resembling those of the Roman
Catholic church. They found convents for priests and nuns, also
processions and forms of religious worship, attended with much pomp
and splendour; and many were induced by these similarities to
consider Lamaism as a sort of degenerated Christianity. It is not
improbable that the Lamas derived some of these practices from the
Nestorian Christians, who were settled in Tartary when Buddhism was
introduced into Thibet.
[see also: Tibetan
Buddhism]
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óÀ½À¸·Î
Ƽº£Æ®¿¡ ºÎÀÓÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¼±±³»çµéÀº, ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ
ÀÌ·± ¿ÀÁö¿¡ ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸¿Í À¯»çÇÑ ÁÖ±³ÀÇ
±ÃÁ¤°ú ±×¹ÛÀÇ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö »ç¿øÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ±ô¦
³î¶ú´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡´Â ½Â·Á¿Í ¿©½ÂÀÇ ¼öµµ¿øÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í,
È·ÁÇÑ Á¾±³Àû Çà·Ä°ú ÀǽÄÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¿©·¯
¼±±³»çµéÀº ÀÌ·± À¯»çÁ¡ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¶ó¸¶±³¸¦ Ÿ¶ôÇÑ
±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ÀÏÁ¾À̶ó°í »ý°¢Çϱ⿡ À̸£·¶´Ù.
ȤÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çà»ç Áß ¾à°£À» ¶ó¸¶½ÂµéÀÌ
³×½ºÅ丮¿ì½º ÆÄÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµé·ÎºÎÅÍ
¼öÀÔÇßÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù.
ÀÌ ÆÄÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µéÀº ºÒ±³°¡ Ƽº£Æ®·Î ÀüÇØÁú
¶§, ŸŸ¸£[tatar]¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
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PRESTER JOHN
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ÇÁ·¹½ºÅÍ Á¸
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An early account, communicated probably by travelling
merchants, of a Lama or spiritual chief among the Tartars,
seems to have occasioned in Europe the report of a
Presbyter or Prester John, a Christian pontiff resident in
Upper Asia. The Pope sent a mission in search of him, as
did also Louis IX of France, some years later, but both
missions were unsuccessful, though the small communities
of Nestorian Christians, which they did find, served to
keep up the belief in Europe that such a personage did
exist somewhere in the East. At last in the fifteenth
century, a Portuguese traveller, Pedro Covilham, happening
to hear that there was a Christian prince in the country
of the Abessines (Abyssinia), not far from the Red Sea,
concluded that this must be the true Prester John. He
accordingly went thither, and penetrated to the court of
the king, whom he calls Negus. Milton
alludes to him in "Paradise
Lost," Book
XI., where, describing Adam's vision of his
descendants in their various nations and cities, scattered
over the face of the earth, he says,-
¡¡
"...Nor did his eyes not ken
Th' empire of Negus, to his utmost port,
Ercoco, and the less maritime kings,
Mombaza and Quiloa and Melind."
[see also: The
Legend of Prester John]
¡¡
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À̰ÍÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ Çà»óÀο¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Àü´ÞµÈ ¶ó¸¶, Áï
ŸŸ¸£ Á· »çÀÌÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ ¼ö·É¿¡ °üÇÑ À̾߱Ⱑ
ÀüÇÏ¿©Á® ±× ¶§¹®¿¡ ºÏ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡´Â ÇÁ·¹ÁîºñÅÍ ¶Ç´Â
ÇÁ·¹½ºÅÍ Á¸À̶ó´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±³ÁÖ°¡ »ì°í
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â ¼Ò¹®ÀÌ À¯·´¿¡ ÆÛÁ³´Ù.
·Î¸¶ ±³È²Àº ±×¸¦ ã±â À§Çؼ »çÀý´ÜÀ» ÆÄ°ßÇß°í,
¼ö³â ÈÄ¿¡´Â ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ ·çÀÌ 9»õµµ »çÀý´ÜÀ»
ÆÄ°ßÇßÀ¸³ª, µÎ »ç¶÷Àº ¸ðµÎ ¼º°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ³×½ºÅ丮¿ì½º ÆÄ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ÀÛÀº
´Üü¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Õ¿¡¼ ¸»ÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í
°°Àº Àι°ÀÌ µ¿¾ç ¾î´À °÷¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â ½Å³äÀ»
±»Çû´Ù.
¸¶Ä§³» 15¼¼±â¿¡ À̸£·¯ Æäµå·Î ÄÚºô¶÷À̶ó´Â
Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥ÀÇ Å½Çè°¡°¡ È«ÇØ¿¡¼ ¸ÖÁö ¾ÊÀº
¾Æºñ½Ã³×½ºÀÇ ³ª¶ó(¾Æºø´Ï¾Æ)¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¸¦ ¹Ï´Â
¿ÕÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¸»À» µè°í, ÀÌ ±¹¿ÕÀ̾߸»·Î ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ
ÇÁ·¹½ºÅÍ Á¸ÀÓ¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù°í ´ÜÁ¤Çß´Ù. ±×´Â
±×°÷À» ã¾Æ°¡, ³×±¸½º¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ±× ±¹¿ÕÀÇ
±ÃÀüÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¬´Ù.
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Back to Chapter XXXVI
On to Chapter XXXVIII
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¡¡THOMAS BULFINCH
¡¡
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