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(Eastern Mythology)


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BULFINCH'S MYTHOLOGY

THE AGE OF FABLE
OR STORIES OF GODS AND HEROES
by Thomas Bulfinch

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CHAPTER XXXVII

EASTERN MYTHOLOGY
ZOROASTER - HINDU MYTHOLOGY
CASTES - BUDDHA - GRAND LAMA


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ZOROASTER


Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅÍ

Our knowledge of the religion of the ancient Persians is principally derived from the Zendavesta (Avesta), or sacred books of that people. Zoroaster (Zarathustra) was the founder of their religion, or rather the reformer of the religion which preceded him. The time when he lived is doubtful, but it is certain that his system became the dominant religion of Western Asia from the time of Cyrus (550 B.C.) to the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great. Under the Macedonian monarchy the doctrines of Zoroaster appear to have been considerably corrupted by the introduction of foreign opinions; but they afterwards recovered their ascendency.
[see also: History of the Ancient Aryans: Outlined in Zoroastrian scriptures.]
[see also: History of Zoroastrianism]
[see also: The Splendor of Persia - The Great Kings]

°í´ë Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ ÀÎÀÇ Á¾±³¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀº ÁÖ·Î ±× ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ¼ºÀüÀÎ <Á¨´Ùº£½ºÅ¸>¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÑ´Ù. Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅÍ´Â ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³Àû â½ÃÀÚ¿´´Ù. ¶Ç´Â ±×Àü¿¡ ÀÖ´ø Á¾±³ÀÇ °³ÇõÀÚ¶ó°í ÇÔÀÌ ´õ ÀûÇÕÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ýÁ¸ ½Ã±â´Â ºÒÈ®½ÇÇϳª, ±×ÀÇ ±³¼³ÀÌ Å°·Î½º ¿ÕÀÇ ½Ã´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Ë·º»êµå·Î½º ´ë¿Õ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ Á¤º¹¿¡ À̸£´Â µ¿¾È¿¡ ¼­¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ Á¾±³°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶ÄÉµÈ¾Æ ¿Õ ¾Ë·º»êµå·Î½ºÀÇ Áö¹èÇÏ¿¡¼­ Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅÍ ±³¼³Àº ¿Ü±¹ »ç»óÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ¼èÅðÇÑ °Í °°¾ÒÀ¸³ª, ÈÄ¿¡ ´Ù½Ã À¶¼ºÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Zoroaster taught the existence of a supreme being, who created two other mighty beings and imparted to them as much of his own nature as seemed good to him. Of these, Ormuzd (called by the Greeks Oromasdes) remained faithful to his creator, and was regarded as the source of all good, while Ahriman (Arimanes) rebelled, and became the author of all evil upon the earth. 

Faravahar figure from the rock of Behistan - click for more information

Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅÍÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÀÌ ¿ìÁÖ¿¡´Â À¯ÀÏ ÃÖ°íÀÇ Á¸ÀçÀÚ°¡ Á¸ÀçÇϰí, ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÀÚ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ À¯·ÂÇÑ µÎ Á¸ÀçÀÚ¸¦ âÁ¶ÇÏ¿© ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀÚ±âÀÇ º»¼º °¡¿îµ¥¼­ Àû´çÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ ½Å °¡¿îµ¥ ¿À¸£¹«Áîµå(Ormuzd)(±×¸®½º ÀÎÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¿À¸£¸¶½ºµ¥¶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù)´Â Ãæ½ÇÇÏ°Ô ±×ÀÇ Ã¢Á¶ÀÚ¿¡ ³²¾Æ¼­ ¸ðµç ¼±ÀÇ ¿øÃµÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǾúÀ¸³ª, ¾Æ¾Æ¸®¸¸(Ahriman)[¾Æ¸¶¸®¸¶³×½º]Àº ¹Ý¿ªÇÏ¿© Áö»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ¾ÇÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 

Ormuzd created man and supplied him with all the materials of happiness; but Ahriman marred this happiness by introducing evil into the world, and creating savage beasts and poisonous reptiles and plants. In consequence of this, evil and good are now mingled together in every part of the world, and the followers of good and evil- the adherents of Ormuzd and Ahriman- carry on incessant war. But this state of things will not last for ever. The time will come when the adherents of Ormuzd shall everywhere be victorious, and Ahriman and his followers be consigned to darkness for ever.
[see also: Zoroastrian cosmology (The Bundahishn - Zand-agahih sources)]
[see also: Zoroastrian cosmology (The Selections of Zadspram - includes Zurvanite sources)]
[see also: Zoroastrianism]

¿À¸£¹«Áîµå´Â Àΰ£À» âÁ¶Çϰí Çູ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¾Æ¸®¸¸Àº ¼¼°è¿¡ ¾ÇÀ» µµÀÔÇÏ°í »ç³ª¿î Áü½Â°ú À¯µ¶ÇÑ ÆÄÃæ·ù³ª ½Ä¹°À» âÁ¶ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ ÇູÀ» ¼Õ»ó½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±× °á°ú, Áö±ÝÀº ¼¼°èÀÇ µµÃ³¿¡ ¾Ç°ú ¼±ÀÌ µÚ¼¯¿© ÀÖ°í, ¼±¿¡ µû¸£´Â ÀÚ¿Í ¾Ç¿¡ µû¸£´Â ÀÚ-¿À¸£¹«ÁîµåÀÇ µµ´ç°ú ¾Æ¾Æ¸®¸¸ÀÇ µµ´ç-°¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ÅõÀïÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀåÂ÷ ¿À¸£¹«Áîµå µµ´çÀÌ µµÃ³¿¡¼­ ½Â¸®¸¦ °ÅµÎ°í ¾Æ¾Æ¸®¸¸°ú ±×ÀÇ µµ´çÀº ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ¾ÏÈæ ¼Ó¿¡ »ì ¶§°¡ À̸¦ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The religious rites of the ancient Persians were exceedingly simple. They used neither temples, altars, nor statues, and performed their sacrifices on the tops of mountains. They adored fire, light, and the sun as emblems of Ormuzd, the source of all light and purity, but did not regard them as independent deities.

°í´ë Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ ÀÎÀÇ Á¾±³ ÀǽÄÀº ´ë´ÜÈ÷ °£¼ÒÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ½ÅÀüÀ̳ª Á¦´Ü, ¶Ç´Â Á¶»ó(ðÁßÀ)µµ ¾øÀÌ, ´Ù¸¸ »ê²À´ë±â¿¡¼­ Á¦¹°À» ¿Ã¸± »ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ºÒ°ú ºû, ±×¸®°í žçÀ» ¼þ¹èÇß´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç ºû°ú ¼ø°áÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀÌ ¿À¸£¹«ÁîµåÀÇ »ó¡À̾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀ» °¢°¢ µ¶¸³ÇÑ ½ÅÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. 

 The religious rites and ceremonies were regulated by the priests, who were called Magi. The learning of the Magi was connected with astrology and enchantment, in which they were so celebrated that their name was applied to all orders of magicians and enchanters.

Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀº <¸¶±âMagi>¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ½Â·Áµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °üÀåµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¶±âÀÇ Çй®Àº Á¡¼º¼ú°ú ¿ä¼ú¿¡µµ °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ°í ±×µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¸é¿¡¼­ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ À¯¸íÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î, ¸¶±â¶ó´Â À̸§Àº ¸ðµç ¸¶¹ý»ç³ª ¿ä¼ú»ç¿¡°Ôµµ ¾²ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Wordsworth thus alludes to the worship of the Persians:¡¡

"...the Persians,- zealous to reject
Altar and Image, and the inclusive walls
And roofs of temples built by human hands,-
The loftiest heights ascending, from their tops,
With myrtle-wreathed Tiara on his brows,
Presented sacrifice to Moon and Stars,
And to the Winds and mother Elements,
And the whole circle of the Heavens, for him
A sensitive existence and a God."
(Excursion, Book IV.)

In "Childe Harold" Byron speaks thus of the Persian worship:

"Not vainly did the early Persian make
His altar the high places and the peak
Of earth-o'er-gazing mountains, and thus take
A fit and unwalled temple, there to seek
The Spirit, in whose honour shrines are weak,
Upreared of human hands. Come and compare
Columns and idol-dwellings, Goth or Greek,
With Nature's realms of worship, earth and air,
Nor fix on fond abodes to circumscribe thy prayer."
(III. 91.)

¡¡

The religion of Zoroaster continued to flourish even after the introduction of Christianity, and in the third century was the dominant faith of the East, till the rise of the Mahometan power and the conquest of Persia by the Arabs in the seventh century, who compelled the greater number of the Persians to renounce their ancient faith. Those who refused to abandon the religion of their ancestors fled to the deserts of Kerman and to Hindustan, where they still exist under the name of Parsees, a name derived from Paris, the ancient name of Persia. The Arabs call them Guebers, from an Arabic word signifying unbelievers. At Bombay the Parsees are at this day a very active, intelligent, and wealthy class. For purity of life, honesty, and conciliatory manners, they are favourably distinguished. They have numerous temples to Fire, which they adore as the symbol of the divinity.
[see also: Traditional Zoroastrianism: Tenets of the Religion]

Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅͱ³´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³°¡ µµÀÔµÈ ÈÄ¿¡µµ ¹øÃ¢ÇßÀ¸¸ç, 3¼¼±â¿¡ À̸£·¯¼­´Â µ¿¹æÀÇ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ Á¾±³°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¶È£¸ä±³ÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀÌ ´ëµÎÇϰí 7¼¼±â¿¡ ¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ ÀÎÀÌ Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ¸¦ Á¤º¹ÇÏÀÚ, ±×µéÀº ¸¹Àº Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ Àο¡°Ô ÀÌÁ¦±îÁöÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³¸¦ ¹ö¸®µµ·Ï °­¿äÇß´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© Á¶»óÀÇ Á¾±³¸¦ Æ÷±âÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº Äɸ£¸¸ »ç¸·°ú Àεµ·Î µµ¸ÁÇߴµ¥, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±×µéÀº ÆÄ¸£½Ã ±³µµ¶ó°í ºÒ¸®¸ç, ±×°÷¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÆÄ¸£½Ã(Parsee)¶ó´Â ¸íĪÀº Æä¸£½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¿¾À̸§ ÆÄ¸£½º(Pars)¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ ÀÎÀº ±×µéÀ» ±ÍÀ̹ö(Gueber)¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Âµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ¾î·Î ¹«½Å¾ÓÀÚ¶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ º½º£ÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÆÄ¸£½Ã ±³µµ´Â ´ë´ÜÈ÷ Ȱµ¿ÀûÀ̰í ÀÌÁöÀûÀ̸ç, ±×¸®°í ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ °è±ÞÀ¸·Î¼­, ±×µéÀº ¼ø°á¼º°ú Á¤Á÷°ú ¿Â¼øÇÑ Åµµ·Î »ýȰ¿¡ ÀÓÇÏ´Â ¶Ù¾î³­ Á¸Àç°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ½ÅÀÇ »ó¡À¸·Î ¼þ¹èÇÏ´Â ºÒÀ» ¹Þµé±â À§Çؼ­ ¸¹Àº ½ÅÀüÀ» ¼¼¿ü´Ù.

The Persian religion makes the subject of the finest tale in Moore's "Lalla Rookh," the "Fire Worshippers." The Gueber chief says:

¡¡

"Yes! I am of that impious race,
Those slaves of Fire, that morn and even
Hail their creator's dwelling-place
Among the living lights of heaven;
Yes I am of that outcast crew
To Iran and to vengeance true,
Who curse the hour your Arabs came
To desecrate our shrines of flame,
And swear before God's burning eye
To break our country's chains or die."

[see also: Zoroasterism]
[see also: The Splendor of Persia]
[see also: The Fall of the Peacock Throne]

¡¡

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HINDU MYTHOLOGY

ÀεµÀÇ ½ÅÈ­

The religion of the Hindus is professedly founded on the Vedas. To these books of their scripture they attach the greatest sanctity, and state that Brahma himself composed them at the creation. But the present arrangement of the Vedas is attributed to the sage Vyasa, about five thousand years ago.
[see also: The Vedas]
[see also: The Mahabharata of Vyasa]
[see also: The Rig Veda (selections)]
[see also: The Bhagvat Gita (Sanskrit)]
[see also: Bhagavad-gita As It Is (translation with commentary)]
[see also: Origins of Sanskrit]

ÈùµÎ±³´Â <º£´Ù>¸¦ ±âÃÊ·Î Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖÁöÀÇ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀº ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ¼º¼­ÀÎ ÀÌ ¼ºÀüÀ» °¡Àå ½Å¼ºÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ¼ºÀüÀº ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶[Ûïô¸] ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸¸¹°À» âÁ¶ÇÒ ¶§, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÆíÂùÇß´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿À´Ã°ú °°ÀÌ ÆíÂùµÈ °ÍÀº ¾à 5õ³â Àü ¹ÙÀÌ»þ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÆíÂùµÈ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

The Vedas undoubtedly teach the belief of one supreme God. The name of this deity is Brahma. His attributes are represented by the three personified powers of creation, preservation, and destruction, which under the respective names of Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva form the Trimurti or triad of principal Hindu gods. Of the inferior gods the most important are:

1. Indra, the god of heaven, of thunder, lightning, storm, and rain;
2. Agni, the god of fire;
3. Yama, the god of the infernal regions;
4. Surya, the god of the sun.

Brahma is the creator of the universe, and the source from which all the individual deities have sprung, and into which all will ultimately be absorbed. "As milk changes to curd, and water to ice, so is Brahma variously transformed and diversified, without aid of exterior means of any sort." The human soul, according to the Vedas, is a portion of the supreme ruler, as a spark is of the fire.

<º£´Ù>´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ À¯ÀÏ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ½ÅÀÇ À̸§Àº ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶ÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼Ó¼ºÀº <âÁ¶ÀÚ>, <º¸Á¸ÀÚ>, <ÆÄ±«ÀÚ> ¶ó´Â ¼¼ °³ÀÇ ÀÇÀÎÈ­µÈ ½Å¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Ç¥ÇöµÇ°í Àִµ¥, À̰ÍÀº °¢°¢ ,ºê¶óÀ̸¶>, <ºñ½Ã´©>, <½Ã¹Ù>¶ó´Â ¸íĪÀ¸·Î Æ®¸®¹«¸£Æ¼, Áï °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¼¼ ½ÅÀÇ ÀÏü»óÀ» Çü¼ºÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×º¸´Ù ÇÏÀ§ÀÇ ½Åµé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½ ½ÅµéÀÌ´Ù.
1. õ°øÀÇ ½Å Àεå¶ó-¿ì·Ú ¹ø°¹ºÒ, ÆøÇ³¿ìÀÇ ½ÅÀÌ´Ù. 2. ºÒÀÇ ½Å ¾Æ±×´Ï. 3. Áö¿ÁÀÇ ½Å ¾ß¸¶. 4. žçÀÇ ½Å ¼ö·ªÀÌ´Ù. 
ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶´Â ¿ìÁÖÀÇ Ã¢Á¶ÀÚ¿ä, ÀÌ ½ÅÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸ðµç °³º°ÀûÀÌ ¿©·¯ ½ÅÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϰí, ¶Ç ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ÀÌ ½Å¿¡°Ô·Î Èí¼öµÇ´Â Á¸ÀçÀÌ´Ù. <¸¶Ä¡ ¿ìÀ¯°¡ ÀÀÀ¯(ëêêá)·Î º¯Çϰí, ¹°ÀÌ ¾óÀ½À¸·Î º¯ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶´Â ¾î¶² ¿ÜºÎ ¼ö´ÜÀÇ µµ¿òµµ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô º¯È­ÇÑ´Ù.> <º£´Ù>¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥Àº ºÒ²ÉÀÌ ºÒÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀÎ °Í°ú °°ÀÌ ÃÖ°íÀÇ Áö¹èÀÚÀÎ ½ÅÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀÌ´Ù.

The Trimurti: Vishnu, Siva, Brahma (left to right)

¡¡

VISHNU

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ºñ½Ã´©

Vishnu occupies the second place in the triad of the Hindus, and is the personification of the preserving principle. To protect the world in various epochs of danger, Vishnu descended to the earth in different incarnations, or bodily forms, which descents are called Avatars. They are very numerous, but ten are more particularly specified. The first Avatar was as Matsya, the Fish, under which form Vishnu preserved Manu, the ancestor of the human race, during a universal deluge. The second Avatar was in the form of a Tortoise, which form he assumed to support the earth when the gods were churning the sea for the beverage of immortality, Amrita.

Matsya, first avatar of Vishnu

ºñ½Ã´©´Â ÈùµÎ±³°¡ ¹Ï´Â Æ®¸®¹«¸£Æ¼ °¡¿îµ¥¼­ Á¦ 2À§¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â º¸Á¸ÀÇ ½ÅÀ» ÀÇÀÎÈ­ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¼¼°è¸¦ ¿©·¯ ½Ã´ëÀÇ À§ÇèÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼öÈ£Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¿©·¯ ÇüÅ·Πȭ½ÅÇÏ¿© Áö»óÀ¸·Î ³»·Á¿Ô´Âµ¥, ±× °­Çϸ¦ ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£´Â ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¼ö°¡ ¸¹À¸³ª, ±×Áß Æ¯È÷ À¯¸íÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¿­ °³ ÀÖ´Ù. ù°¹ø ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£´Â ¸¶¾²¾ß, Áï ¹°°í±â·Î¼­ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Âµ¥, ºñ½Ã´©´Â ÀÌ ÇüŸ¦ ÇÏ°í¼­ ÀÌ ¼¼°è¸¦ ÈÛ¾´ ´ë È«¼ö±â¿¡ ÀηùÀÇ Á¶»ó ¸¶´©¸¦ º¸È£Çß´Ù. µÑ°¹ø ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£´À °ÅºÏÀÌ ÇüÅ·Π³ªÅ¸³µ´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ÇüŸ¦ ºñ½Ã´©°¡ ÃëÇÑ °ÍÀº <¾Ï¸®Å¸>¶ó´Â ºÒ·ÎºÒ»çÀÇ À½·á¸¦ ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ ½ÅµéÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ ÈÖÁ£°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§, Áö±¸¸¦ ¶°¹ÞÄ¡±â À§Çؼ­¿´´Ù.

We may omit the other Avatars, which were of the same general character, that is, interpositions to protect the right or to punish wrong-doers, and come to the ninth, which is the most celebrated of the Avatars of Vishnu, in which he appeared in the human form of Krishna, an invincible warrior, who by his exploits relieved the earth from the tyrants who oppressed it.

Buddha is by the followers of the Brahminical religion regarded as a delusive incarnation of Vishnu, assumed by him in order to induce the Asuras, opponents of the gods, to abandon the sacred ordinances of the Vedas, by which means they lost their strength and supremacy.

Kalki is the name of the tenth Avatar, in which Vishnu will appear at the end of the present age of the world to destroy all vice and wickedness, and to restore mankind to virtue and purity.
[see also: The Avatar in the Vedic Tradition]

±×¿ÜÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£´Â »ý·«Çصµ ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù Á¤ÀǸ¦ ¼öÈ£Çϰųª ¹üÁËÀÚ¸¦ ¹úÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °£¼·À̶ó´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Æ¯Â¡À» °¡Áö°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ À̰͵éÀº »ý·«ÇÏ°í ºñ½Ã´©ÀÇ ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£·Î ¿Å¾Æ°¡°Ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£´Â ¹«ÀûÀÇ ¹«»ç Å©¸®½Ã³ªÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π³ªÅ¸³ª, ±× °øÀû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö±¸¸¦ ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚÀÎ Æø±ºµéÀÇ ¼öÁß¿¡¼­ ±¸ÃâÇß´Ù.

¹Ù¶ó¹®±³µµµé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ºÎ´Ù´Â ºñ½Ã´©ÀÇ È­½ÅÀÌÁö¸¸ ƯÀÌÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áø °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¿©·¯ ½ÅÀÇ ÀûÀÎ ¾Æ¼ö¶óµéÀ» ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ¿© <º£´Ù>ÀÇ ¼ºÀüÀ» ¹ö¸®°Ô ÇÏ¿©, ±× °á°ú ±×µéÀÇ Èû°ú ÆÐ±ÇÀ»»ó½ÇÄÉ ÇÑ ±â¸¸ÀûÀÎ Àǵµ¸¦ °¡Áø °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

¿­¹øÂ° ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£´Â Ä®±â¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ¾Æ¹ÙŸ¸£¿¡ À־ ºñ½Ã´©´Â Çö¼¼´ëÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ ¸ðµç ¾ÇÇà°ú ºÒÀǸ¦ ¸ê¸Á½Ã۰í, Àηù¸¦ ¹Ì´ö°ú ¼ø°á·Î ȸº¹½Ã۱â À§ÇØ ³ªÅ¸³ª¸®¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

¡¡

SIVA

¡¡

½Ã¹Ù

Siva (Shiva) is the third person of the Hindu triad. He is the personification of the destroying principle. Though the third name, he is, in respect to the number of his worshippers and the extension of his worship, before either of the others. In the Puranas (the scriptures of the modern Hindu religion) no allusion is made to the original power of this god as a destroyer; that power not being to be called into exercise till after the expiration of twelve millions of years, or when the universe will come to an end; and Mahadeva (another name for Siva) is rather the representative of regeneration than of destruction.

Siva: As Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance, Shiva enacts the end of the world.

½Ã¹Ù´Â ÈùµÎ±³ÀÇ Æ®¸®¹«¸£Æ¼ °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ¼Â°¹ø ½ÅÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã¹Ù´Â ÆÄ±«ÀÇ ½ÅÀ» ÀÇÀÎÈ­ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̸§Àº ¼Â°¹ø¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ±× ½Å¾ÓÀÚÀÇ ¼ö¿Í ±× ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ³Î¸® º¸±ÞµÈ Á¡¿¡ À־ ±×´Â ´Ù¸¥ µÎ ½ÅÀÇ ÁöÀ§º¸´Ù ¿ì¿ùÇÏ´Ù. <Ǫ¶ó³ª>(±Ù´ë ÈùµÎ±³ ¼ºÀü)¿¡´Â ÆÄ±«Àڷμ­ÀÇ ÀÌ ½ÅÀÇ º»·¡ÀÇ Èû¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹« ¾ð±Þµµ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ ÈûÀº õ À̹鸸 ³â ÈÄ¿¡ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ Á¾¸»ÀÌ ¿Ã ¶§±îÁö´Â Çà»çµÇÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸¶Çϵ¥¹Ù(½Ã¹ÙÀÇ º°¸í)´Â ÆÄ±«º¸´Ù ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Àç»ýÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚÀÌ´Ù.

The worshippers of Vishnu and Siva form two sects, each of which proclaims the superiority of its favourite deity, denying the claims of the other, and Brahma, the creator, having finished his work, seems to be regarded as no longer active, and has now only one temple in India, while Mahadeva and Vishnu have many. The worshippers of Vishnu are generally distinguished by a greater tenderness for life, and consequent abstinence from animal food, and a worship less cruel than that of the followers of Siva.
[see also: Hinduism - Gods and Goddesses]

ºñ½Ã´© ½ÅÀÚ¿Í ½Ã¹Ù ½ÅÀÚ´Â µÎ ÆÄ¸¦ Çü¼ºÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °¢ ÆÄ´Â ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ½ÅÀÌ ¿ì¿ùÇÔÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ°í ´Ù¸¥ ÆÄÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. âÁ¶ÁÖÀÎ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶°¡ ±×ÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ³¡³»ÀÚ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ À̰ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ½ÅÀÇ ÀÓ¹«´Â ³¡³­ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö, ±× ½ÅÀüµµ ÇöÀç´Â Àεµ¿¡ Çϳª¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±× ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¸¶Çϵ¥¹Ù¿Í ½Ã¹ÙÂÊÀº ¸¹Àº ½ÅÀüÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºñ½Ã´© ½ÅÀÚµéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ý¸íÀ» ±ÍÈ÷ ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³Î¸® ¾â·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î À°½ÄÀº Àý´ë·Î ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±× ¼þ¹è ¹æ¹ýµµ ½Ã¹Ù ½ÅÀÚµéó·³ °áÄÚ ÀÜÀÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù.


JUGGERNAUT


Àð°¡³ªÅ¸

Whether the worshippers of juggernaut are to be reckoned among the followers of Vishnu or Siva, our authorities differ. The temple stands near the shore, about three hundred miles southwest of Calcutta. The idol is a carved block of wood, with a hideous face, painted black, and a distended blood-red mouth. On festival days the throne of the image is placed on a tower sixty feet high, moving on wheels. Six long ropes are attached to the tower, by which the people draw it along. The priests and their attendants stand round the throne on the tower, and occasionally turn to the worshippers with songs and gestures. While the tower moves along numbers of the devout worshippers throw themselves on the ground, in order to be crushed by the wheels, and the multitude shout in approbation of the act, as a pleasing sacrifice to the idol. Every year, particularly at two great festivals in March and July, pilgrims flock in crowds to the temple. Not less than seventy or eighty thousand people are said to visit the place on these occasions, when all castes eat together.
[Juggernaut image 1 - 31K] [Juggernaut image 2 - 55K]

Àð°¡³ªÅ¸ ¼þ¹èÀÚµéÀ» ºñ½Ã´©³ª ½Ã¹Ù ½ÅÀÚµé°ú °°Àº ºÎ·ù¿¡ ³Ö¾î¾ß ÇÏ´À³Ä´Â °ÍÀº ÇÐÀÚ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀǰßÀÌ ´Ù¸£´Ù. Àð°¡³ªÅ¸ ½ÅÀüÀº ÄÌĿŸ ¼­³²¹æ ¾à 3¹é ¸¶ÀÏ ÁöÁ¡ÀÎ ÇØ¾È °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ¼­ ÀÖ´Ù. ½Å»óÀº ¸ñ»óÀ¸·Î °ËÀº Ä¥À» ÇÑ ¹«¼­¿î ¾ó±¼¿¡ ½Ã»¹°Ç ÀÓÀ» ¹ú¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. Á¦Àü ¶§¿¡ ±× ½Å»óÀÇ ¿ÁÁ´ 60ÇÇÆ® ³ôÀÌÀÇ Å¾ À§¿¡ ¾ÈÄ¡µÇ°í, ÀÌ Å¾Àº ¼ö·¹¹ÙÄû·Î ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©¼¸ °³ÀÇ ±ä ÁÙÀÌ Å¾¿¡ ¸Å¾îÁ® ÀÖ¾î »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌ ÁٷΠžÀ» À̲ô´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½Â·Á³ª ±× ½ÃÁ¾µéÀº ž À§ ¿ÁÁÂÀÇ ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ¼­¼­ °¡²û ½ÅÀÚµé ÂÊÀ» º¸°í´Â ³ë·¡¸¦ ºÎ¸£°Å³ª ¸öÁþÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
žÀÌ ¿òÁ÷À̰í ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ¿­·ÄÇÑ ½ÅÀÚµéÀº ´ëÁö¿¡ ¸öÀ» ´øÁ® Â÷·û¿¡ ±ò¸®±â¸¦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù. ±ºÁßÀº ÀÌ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ½Å»ó(ãêßÀ)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ Èñ»ýÀ¸·Î¼­ ĪÂùÇϰí ȯ¼ºÀ» ¿Ã¸°´Ù. ¸Å³â, ƯÈ÷ 3¿ù°ú 7¿ùÀÇ 2´ë Á¦Àü ¶§¿¡´Â ¼ø·ÊÀÚµéÀÌ ¶¼¸¦ Áö¾î Àð°¡³ªÅ¸ ½ÅÀüÀ¸·Î ¸ð¿©µç´Ù. À̶§¿¡´Â 7¸¸ ³»Áö 8¸¸ÀÇ ±ºÁßÀÌ À̰÷¿¡ ¸ð¿©µé¾î,¸ðµç °è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½Ä»ç¸¦ °°ÀÌ ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.


CASTES


Ä«½ºÆ®

The division of the Hindus into classes or castes, with fixed occupations, existed from the earliest times. It is supposed by some to have been founded upon conquest, the first three castes being composed of a foreign race, who subdued the natives of the country and reduced them to an inferior caste. Others trace it to the fondness of perpetuating, by descent from father to son, certain offices or occupations.

The Hindu tradition gives the following account of the origin of the various castes: At the creation Brahma resolved to give the earth inhabitants who should be direct emanations from his own body. Accordingly from his mouth came forth the eldest born, Brahma (the priest), to whom he confided the four Vedas; from his right arm issued Shatriya (the warrior), and from his left, the warrior's wife. His thighs produced Vaissyas, male and female (agriculturists and traders), and lastly from his feet sprang Sudras (mechanics and labourers).
[see also: The Caste System and the Stages of Life in Hinduism]

ÀεµÀÎÀÌ °íÁ¤µÈ Á÷¾÷À» °¡Áø ¿©·¯ °è±ÞÀ¸·Î, Áï Ä«½ºÆ®[°è±ÞÁ¦]·Î ±¸ºÐµÈ °ÍÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ¿¾³¯ºÎÅÍÀÌ´Ù. Àϼ³¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÀÌ °è±ÞÁ¦´Â Á¤º¹¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î, »óÀ§ÀÇ ¼¼ °è±ÞÀº ¿Ü·¡ Á¾Á·À¸·Î¼­ ±×µéÀº ¿øÁÖ¹ÎÀ» Á¤º¹ÇÏ¿© °¡Àå ÇÏÀ§ÀÇ °è±ÞÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÌ °è±ÞÁ¦´Â ºÎÄ£À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀڽĿ¡°Ô·Î ÀüÇÏ¿©ÁüÀ¸·Î½á ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ °üÁ÷À̳ª Á÷¾÷À» ¿µ¼Ó½ÃŰ·Á´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿å¸Á¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.


ÀεµÀÇ Àü¼³Àº ÀÌ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö Ä«½ºÆ®ÀÇ ±â¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¼³¸íÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶´Â ¼¼°è¸¦ âÁ¶ÇÒ ¶§, Áö»ó¿¡´Â ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ö¿¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ ³ª¿Â ÀÚ¸¦ »ì°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í °á½ÉÇß´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶ÀÇ ÀÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª(Á¦°ü)°¡ ž´Âµ¥, ±×¿¡°Ô 4±ÇÀÇ <º£´Ù>¸¦ ¸Ã°å´Ù ±×ÀÇ ¿À¸¥ÆÈ¿¡¼­´Â Å©»þÆ®¸®¾Æ[¹«»ç]°¡, ±×¸®°í ¿ÞÆÈ¿¡¼­´Â ¹«»çÀÇ ¾Æ³»°¡ ž´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾ç ³ÐÀû´Ù¸®¿¡¼­ ³²³à ¹ÙÀÌ»þ(³óºÎµé°ú »óÀεé)°¡ ³ª¿À°í, ³¡À¸·Î ±×ÀÇ ¹ß¿¡¼­´Â ¼öµå¶ó(Á÷°øµé°ú ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé)°¡ ³ª¿Ô´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.

The four sons of Brahma, so significantly brought into the world, became the fathers of the human race, and heads of their respective castes. They were commanded to regard the four Vedas as containing all the rules of their faith, and all that was necessary to guide them in their religious ceremonies. They were also commanded to take rank in the order of their birth, the Brahmans uppermost, as having sprung from the head of Brahma.

A strong line of demarcation is drawn between the first three castes and the Sudras. The former are allowed to receive instruction from the Vedas, which is not permitted to the Sudras. The Brahmans possess the privilege of teaching the Vedas, and were in former times in exclusive possession of all knowledge. Though the sovereign of the country was chosen from the Shatriya class, also called Rajputs, the Brahmans possessed the real power, and were the royal counsellors, the judges and magistrates of the country; their persons and property were inviolable; and though they committed the greatest crimes, they could only be banished from the kingdom. They were to be treated by sovereigns with the greatest respect, for "a Brahman, whether learned or ignorant, is a powerful divinity."

When the Brahman arrives at years of maturity it becomes his duty to marry. He ought to be supported by the contributions of the rich, and not to be obliged to gain his subsistence by any laborious or productive occupation. But as all the Brahmans could not be maintained by the working classes of the community, it was found necessary to allow them to engage in productive employments.

ÀÌ·¸°Ô Áß´ëÇÑ ÀÇÀǸ¦ °¡Áö°í ¼¼»ó¿¡ ³ª¿Â ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶ÀÇ ³× ¾ÆµéµéÀº ÀηùÀÇ Á¶»óÀÌ µÇ°í °¢ °è±ÞÀÇ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº 4±ÇÀÇ <º£´Ù>°¡ ±×µéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ ¸ðµç ±ÔÄ¢°ú Á¾±³ÀǽÄÀÇ ¸ðµç ÁØÄ¢À» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çϵµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶Ç ž ¼ø¼­´ë·Î °¢°¢ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ¾Éµµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ºÎ¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª[ÆÄ¶ó¹®]´Â ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶ÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡¼­ ³ª¿ÔÀ¸¹Ç·Î °¡Àå ³ôÀº ÁöÀ§¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇß´Ù.


ÀÌ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¼¼ °è±Þ°ú ¼öµå¶ó »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ °æ°è¼±ÀÌ ±×¾îÁ³´Ù. ÀüÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â <º£´ô>ÀÇ ±³À°ÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª ¼öµå¶ó¿¡°Ô´Â ±ÝÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù. ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±ÞÀº <º£´Ù>¸¦ °¡¸£Ä¥ Ư±ÇÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ¸ðµç Áö½ÄÀ» µ¶Á¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ³ª¶óÀÇ ÁÖ±ÇÀÚ´Â ¶óÀðǪƮ¶ó°íµµ ºÎ¸£´Â Å©»þÆ®¸®¾Æ °è±Þ¿¡¼­ ¼±ÃâµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ½Ç±ÇÀº ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±ÞÀÌ Àå¾ÇÇߴµ¥, ±×µéÀº ±¹¿ÕÀÇ Á¶¾ðÀÚÀ̸ç ÇàÁ¤°üÀ̱⵵ Çß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ Àΰݰú Àç»êÀº ħ¹üÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀº ¾Æ¹«¸® Áß´ëÇÑ ¹üÁ˸¦ ¹üÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ±¹¿Ü·Î Ãß¹æµÉ »ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µé¿¡°Õ ±¹¿Õµé¸¶Àúµµ ÃÖ´ëÀÇ °æÀǸ¦ Ç¥Çϸ鼭 ´Ù·çÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé <ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±Þ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â Çй®ÀÌ Àְųª ¹«½ÄÇϰųª°£¿¡ À¯·ÂÇÑ ½Å>À̱⠶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.




ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±ÞÀÌ ¼º³â¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ¸é °áÈ¥ÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ Àǹ«°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±ÞÀº ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ÀÚÀÇ °ø¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ºÎ¾çµÇ¸ç ³ëµ¿À̳ª »ý¾÷¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© »ý°è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±ÞÀÌ ±× »çȸÀÇ ³ëµ¿°è±Þ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ºÎ¾çµÉ ¼ö´Â ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ±×µéµµ »ý¾÷¿¡ Á¾»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

We need say little of the two intermediate classes, whose rank and privileges may be readily inferred from their occupations. The Sudras or fourth class are bound to servile attendance on the higher classes, especially the Brahmans, but they may follow mechanical occupations and practical arts, as painting and writing, or become traders or husbandmen. Consequently they sometimes grow rich, and it will also sometimes happen that Brahmans become poor. That fact works its usual consequence, and rich Sudras sometimes employ poor Brahmans in menial occupations.

µÎ Áß°£ °è±Þ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â, ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿Í Ư±ÇÀº ¿©±â¼­ ±×µéÀÇ Á÷¾÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°Ô À¯ÃßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±ä ¸»À» ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù. ¼öµå¶ó, Áï, ³×¹øÂ° °è±ÞÀº ±×µé º¸´Ù »óÀ§ÀÇ °è±Þ, ƯÈ÷ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±Þ¿¡°Ô´Â ³ë¿¹Ã³·³ ½ÃÁßÀ» µé¾î¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ±â°è¸¦ ¸¸Áö´Â ÀÏÀ̳ª, ±Û¾¾¸¦ ¾²°Å³ª ±×¸²À» ±×¸®´Â µî ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ±â¼ú¿¡ Á¾»çÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ¶Ç´Â »óÀÎÀ̳ª ³óºÎ°¡ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ±×µéÀº ¶§·Î´Â ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±Þ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ÀÚ°¡ °¡³­ÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¶§µµ ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·± °æ¿ì, ÀÚ¿¬È÷ ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ¼öµå¶ó°¡ °¡³­ÇÑ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª °è±Þ »ç¶÷À» ÇÏÀÎÀ¸·Î °í¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ °£È¤ »ý°å´Ù.

There is another class lower even than the Sudras, for it is not one of the original pure classes, but springs from an unauthorized union of individuals of different castes. These are the Pariahs, who are employed in the lowest services and treated with the utmost severity. They are compelled to do what no one else can do without pollution. They are not only considered unclean themselves, but they render unclean everything they touch. They are deprived of all civil rights, and stigmatized by particular laws regulating their mode of life, their houses, and their furniture. They are not allowed to visit the pagodas or temples of the other castes, but have their own pagodas and religious exercises. They are not suffered to enter the houses of the other castes; if it is done incautiously or from necessity, the place must be purified by religious ceremonies. They must not appear at public markets, and are confined to the use of particular wells, which they are obliged to surround with bones of animals, to warn others against using them. They dwell in miserable hovels, distant from cities and villages, and are under no restrictions in regard to food, which last is not a privilege, but a mark of ignominy, as if they were so degraded that nothing could pollute them. The three higher castes are prohibited entirely the use of flesh. The fourth is allowed to use all kinds except beef, but only the lowest caste is allowed every kind of food without restriction.
[see also: Caste System]
[see also: The Class Structure]
[see also: Caste Problem in India]

ÀÌ ¼öµå¶óº¸´Ù ´õ ³·Àº °è±ÞÀÌ Àִµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ø·¡ºÎÅÍ ¼ø¼öÇÑ ³× °è±Þ ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¾ßÇÕ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÆÄ¶óÀ̾߸£Á·À¸·Î¼­ °¡Àå ºñõÇÑ ÀÏ¿¡ Á¾»çÇÏ°í °¡Àå Ȥµ¶ÇÑ ´ë¿ì¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ºÒ°áÇÑ ÀÏÀ» Çϵµ·Ï °­¿ä´çÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ºÒ°áÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ°í ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÇ ¼ÕÀÌ ´ê´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°áÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸ðµç °ø¹Î±ÇÀ» ¹ÚÅ»´çÇßÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÇ »ýȰ¾ç½Ä, °¡¿Á, °¡±¸ µîÀ» ´Ü¼ÓÇϴ Ưº°¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿À¸íÀÇ ³«ÀÎÀÌ ÂïÇû´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ±×µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ °è±Þ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Å¾À̳ª »ç¿øÀÇ Âü¹è¸¦ ±ÝÁö´çÇÏ°í ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç¿ø°ú ÀǽÄÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ °è±ÞÀÇ Áý¿¡ µé¾î°¡´Â °É ±ÝÁö´çÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ºÎÁÖÀdzª ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÑ »çÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±×·± ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾÀ» ¶§¿¡´Â ±× Àå¼Ò´Â Á¾±³ ÀǽĿ¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Á¤ÇϵǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº °ø¼³½ÃÀå¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç, ¿ì¹°µµ Ưº°ÇÑ ¿ì¹°¸¸À» »ç¿ëÇϵµ·Ï Á¦¾ÈÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ì¹°¿¡´Â ÁÖÀ§¿¡ µ¿¹°ÀÇ »À¸¦ ¼¼¿ö ÀϹÝÀÎÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ±¸º°ÇØ µÎÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ±×µéÀº µµ½Ã¿Í ¸¶À»·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø ÃʶóÇÑ ¿ÀµÎ¸·Áý¿¡ °ÅÁÖÇϸç, ¸Ô´Â °Í¿¡ °üÇØ¼­´Â ¾Æ¹« Á¦Çѵµ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Ư±ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Ä¡¿åÀÇ Ç¥½ÃÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ±×µéÀº Ÿ¶ôÇÒ ´ë·Î Ÿ¶ôÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸Ô´õ¶óµµ ±× ÀÌ»ó ±×µéÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µéÁö´Â ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Ç߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. »óÀ§ÀÇ ¼¼ °è±ÞÀº Àü¿¬ À°½ÄÀ» ±ÝÁö´çÇϰí, ³× ¹øÂ° °è±ÞÀº ¼è°í±â ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ ¸ðµç À°½ÄÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇ°í, ÃÖÇÏÀÇ °è±ÞÀº ¾Æ¹« Á¦ÇÑÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸Ô¾îµµ »ó°üÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.


BUDDHA


ºÎ´Ù

Buddha, whom the Vedas represent as a delusive incarnation of Vishnu, is said by his followers to have been a mortal sage, whose name was Gautama, called also by the complimentary epithets of Sakyasinha, the Lion, and Buddha, the Sage.

By a comparison of the various epochs assigned to his birth, it is inferred that he lived about one thousand years before Christ.

He was the son of a king; and when in conformity to the usage of the country he was, a few days after his birth, presented before the altar of a deity, the image is said to have inclined its head as a presage of the future greatness of the new-born prophet.  The child soon developed faculties of the first order, and became equally distinguished by the uncommon beauty of his person. 

ºÎ´Ù[ÝÖöí]´Â <º£´Ù>¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ºñ½Ã´©ÀÇ ±â¸¸ÀûÀÎ È­½ÅÀ̶ó°í Çϳª ±× ½ÅÀÚµé ¸»¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÌ¿ä ¼ºÀÎÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ º»¸íÀº °íŸ¸¶¶ó Çϰí Á¸ÄªÀ¸·Î´Â »çļ½Ã³ª,»çÀÚ(Þâí­), ºÎ´Ù, ¼ºÀÎ µîÀ¸·Î ºÎ¸£±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.
ºÎ´ÙÀÇ Åº»ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¼³ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ±× ¿¬´ë¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© º¸¸é, ±×´Â ±×¸®½ºµµº¸´Ùµµ õ³â Àü¿¡ »ýÁ¸ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÃøµÈ´Ù.
±×´Â ¿ÕÀÚ¿´´Ù. ź»ýÇÑ Áö ¼öÀÏ ÈË ±× ³ª¶óÀÇ °ü½À¿¡ µû¶ó °«³­¾Æ±â¸¦ ½ÅÀÇ Á¦´Ü ¾Õ¿¡ °®´Ù³õ¾Ò´õ´Ï, ½Å»óÀº ±×°¡ Àå·¡ À§´ëÇÑ Àι°ÀÌ µÇ¸®¶ó´Â ÀüÁ¶·Î °í°³¸¦ ¼÷¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÀÌ´Â °ð ¿ì¼öÇÑ Àç´ÉÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇß°í, »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×ÀÇ ÀΰÝÀÇ ºñ»óÇÑ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­µµ µÎ°¢À» ³ªÅ¸³Â´Ù. 

No sooner had he grown to years of maturity than he began to reflect deeply on the depravity and misery of mankind, and he conceived the idea of retiring from society and devoting himself to meditation. His father in vain opposed this design. Buddha escaped the vigilance of his guards, and having found a secure retreat, lived for six years undisturbed in his devout contemplations. At the expiration of that period he came forward at Benares as a religious teacher. At first some who heard him doubted of the soundness of his mind; but his doctrines soon gained credit, and were propagated so rapidly that Buddha himself lived to see them spread all over India. He died at the age of eighty years.
[see also: The Life of the Buddha]

¼º³â¿¡ ´ÞÇÏÀÚ ±×´Â ÀηùÀÇ Å¸¶ô°ú °í³ú¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ±íÀÌ »ý°¢Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ°í ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª ¸í»ó¿¡ Àá±â·Á´Â »ý°¢À» °®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ºÎÄ£Àº ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ °èȹ¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇßÀ¸³ª È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
ºÎ´Ù´Â È£À§º´ÀÇ ´«À» ¼Ó¿© ¿Õ±ÃÀ» µµ¸ÁÃÄ ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾ÈÀüÇÑ Àº½Åó¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿©, 6³â µ¿¾È ´©±¸ÀÇ ¹æÇصµ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í ±íÀº ¸í»ó¿¡ Àá±â¸é¼­ »ì¾Ò´Ù. ±× ±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³ªÀÚ, ±×´Â ÇÑ Àüµµ»ç·Î¼­ º£³ª¸®½º¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â ±×ÀÇ ¼³±³¸¦ µéÀº »ç¶÷Àº ±×ÀÇ Á¤½Å»óŸ¦ ÀǽÉÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ ¼³±³´Â ¾ó¸¶ °¡Áö ¾Ê¾Æ ½Å¸ÁÀ» ȹµéÇϰí, ±Þ¼Óµµ·Î À¯Æ÷µÇ¾î ±×ÀÇ »ýÁ¸ Áß¿¡ ÀüÀεµ¿¡ ÆÛÁ³´Ù. ±×´Â ¿©µç »ì¿¡ Á×¾ú´Ù.

The Buddhists reject entirely the authority of the Vedas, and the religious observances prescribed in them and kept by the Hindus. They also reject the distinction of castes, and prohibit all bloody sacrifices, and allow animal food. Their priests are chosen from all classes; they are expected to procure their maintenance by perambulation and begging, and among other things it is their duty to endeavour to turn to some use things thrown aside as useless by others, and to discover the medicinal power of plants. But in Ceylon three orders of priests are recognized; those of the highest order are usually men of high birth and learning, and are supported at the principal temples, most of which have been richly endowed by the former monarchs of the country.

ºÒ±³µµµéÀº <º£´Ù>ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À̳ª ±× °¡¿îµ¥ ±ÔÁ¤µÇ¾î ÈùµÎ±³µµµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁؼöµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Á¾±³Àû °è±ÞÀº Á¶±Ýµµ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶Ç °è±ÞÀÇ Â÷º°À» ÀÎÁ¤Ä¡ ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¸ðµç À¯Ç÷Èñ»ýÀ» ±ÝÇÏ¿© À°½Äµµ ±ÝÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ½Â·Á´Â ¸ðµç °è±Þ¿¡¼­ ¼±ÃâµÈ´Ù. ±× ´ë½Å ½Â·ÁµéÀº °¢Áö¸¦ µ¹¾Æ´Ù´Ï¸ç °É½Ä»ýȰÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹ö¸° Æó¹°À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß°í, ½Ä¹°¿¡¼­ ÀÇÇÐÀÇ È¿·ÂÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Àǹ«¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½Ç·Ð¿¡¼­´Â ¼¼ °è±ÞÀÇ ½Â·Á°¡ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ»ó±ÞÀÇ ½Â·Á´Â º¸Åë ±ÍÁ·°ú Çй®À» ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À¸·Î, ±×µéÀº ÁÖ¿äÇÑ »ç¿ø¿¡¼­ ºÎ¾çµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¿øÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ÀÌ ³ª¶óÀÇ ¿¾ ±ºÁÖµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃæºÐÇÑ ±âºÎ¸¦ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

For several centuries after the appearance of Buddha, his sect seems to have been tolerated by the Brahmans, and Buddhism appears to have penetrated the peninsula of Hindustan in every direction, and to have been carried to Ceylon, and to the eastern peninsula. But afterwards it had to endure in India a long-continued persecution, which ultimately had the effect of entirely abolishing it in the country where it had originated, but to scatter it widely over adjacent countries. Buddhism appears to have been introduced into China about the year 65 of our era. From China it was subsequently extended to Korea, Japan, and Java.
[Buddha: Kamakura, Japan - 25K image]

ºÎ´Ù°¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ÈÄ ¸î ¼¼±â µ¿¾ÈÀº ÀÌ Á¾ÆÄµµ ºê¶ó¾Æ¸¶³ª·ÎºÎÅÍ °ü´ëÈ÷ Ãë±ÞµÈ °Í °°´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ºÒ±³´Â Àεµ Àü¿ª¿¡ ħÅõÇÏ°í ½Ç·Ð°ú µ¿ºÎ ¹Ýµµ¿¡ ÀüÆÄµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ÈÄ¿¡´Â Àεµ¿¡¼­ ¿À·§µ¿¾È °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© ¹ÚÇØ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±× °á°ú, ºÒ±³´Â ±× ¹ß»ýÁö¿¡¼­´Â ÀÚÃ븦 °¨Ãß°í ÀÎÁ¢ Á¦±¹¿¡ ³Î¸® ÀüÆÄµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±â¿ø 65³â°æ¿¡ Áß±¹¿¡ Àü·¡µÈ °Í °°À¸¸ç,±×ÈÄ Áß±¹¿¡¼­ Çѱ¹, ÀϺ», ÀÚ¹Ù·Î ÀüÆÄµÇ¾ú´Ù.


THE GRAND LAMA


´Þ¶óÀÌ ¶ó¸¶

It is a doctrine alike of the Brahminical Hindus and of the Buddhist sect that the confinement of the human soul, an emanation of the divine spirit, in a human body, is a state of misery, and the consequence of frailties and sins committed during former existences. But they hold that some few individuals have appeared on this earth from time to time, not under the necessity of terrestrial existence, but who voluntarily descended to the earth to promote the welfare of mankind. These individuals have gradually assumed the character of reappearances of Buddha himself, in which capacity the line is continued till the present day, in the several Lamas of Thibet, China, and other countries where Buddhism prevails. In consequence of the victories of Gengis Khan and his successors, the Lama residing in Thibet was raised to the dignity of chief pontiff of the sect. A separate province was assigned to him as his own territory, and besides his spiritual dignity he became to a limited extent a temporal monarch. He is styled the Dalai Lama.

½ÅÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡¼­ ž Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö³ª ½Åü ¼Ó¿¡ À¯ÆóµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½Àº ºñÂüÇÑ »óÅ¿ä, Àü¼¼¿¡ ¹üÇÑ °ú½Ç°ú ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ °á°ú¶ó´Â ±³ÀÇ´Â ÈùµÎ±³³ª ºÒ±³¿¡ °øÅëµÈ ±³ÀÇÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¶§·Î´Â ¼Ò¼öÀÇ Àΰ£ÀÌ Áö»óÀÇ »ýÁ¸ÀÇ ÇÊ¿¬¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÚÁøÇÏ¿© ÀηùÀÇ º¹¸®¸¦ ÁõÁø½Ã۱â À§ÇÏ¿© Áö»ó¿¡ ³»·Á¿Ô´Ù°í ºÒ±³µµµéÀº ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁÖÀåµéÀº Á¡Á¡ ºÒŸ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À縲À̶ó´Â ¼º°ÝÀ» ¶ì°Ô µÇ°í, ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀüÅëÀÌ Æ¼º£Æ®, Áß±¹, ±âŸ ºÒ±³°¡ ¼ºÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ ¶ó¸¶[ÍÔã¬] ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¿À´Ã³¯±îÁö ÀüÇØ³»·Á¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡±â½ºÄ­°ú ±× ÈİèÀÚµéÀÇ ½Â¸®ÀÇ °á°ú, Ƽº£Æ®¿¡ °ÅÁÖÇÏ´Â ¶ó¸¶°¡ ±× Á¾ÆÄÀÇ ±³¿ÕÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ¿À¸£°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í Ưº°ÇÑ ¿µÅä°¡ ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿µÁö·Î¼­ ÁÖ¾îÁö°í, ±×´Â ¿µ°èÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ¾É¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾î¶² Á¡¿¡¼­µµ ¼Ó°è(áÔÍ£)ÀÇ ±ºÁÖÀ̱⵵ ÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±×´Â ´Þ¶óÀÌ ¶ó¸¶¶ó´Â Īȣ¸¦ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The first Christian missionaries who proceeded to Thibet were surprised to find there in the heart of Asia a pontifical court and several other ecclesiastical institutions resembling those of the Roman Catholic church. They found convents for priests and nuns, also processions and forms of religious worship, attended with much pomp and splendour; and many were induced by these similarities to consider Lamaism as a sort of degenerated Christianity. It is not improbable that the Lamas derived some of these practices from the Nestorian Christians, who were settled in Tartary when Buddhism was introduced into Thibet.
[see also: Tibetan Buddhism]

óÀ½À¸·Î Ƽº£Æ®¿¡ ºÎÀÓÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¼±±³»çµéÀº, ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÀÌ·± ¿ÀÁö¿¡ ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸¿Í À¯»çÇÑ ÁÖ±³ÀÇ ±ÃÁ¤°ú ±×¹ÛÀÇ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö »ç¿øÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ±ô¦ ³î¶ú´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡´Â ½Â·Á¿Í ¿©½ÂÀÇ ¼öµµ¿øÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í, È­·ÁÇÑ Á¾±³Àû Çà·Ä°ú ÀǽÄÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¿©·¯ ¼±±³»çµéÀº ÀÌ·± À¯»çÁ¡ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¶ó¸¶±³¸¦ Ÿ¶ôÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ÀÏÁ¾À̶ó°í »ý°¢Çϱ⿡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ȤÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çà»ç Áß ¾à°£À» ¶ó¸¶½ÂµéÀÌ ³×½ºÅ丮¿ì½º ÆÄÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼öÀÔÇßÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù.
ÀÌ ÆÄÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µéÀº ºÒ±³°¡ Ƽº£Æ®·Î ÀüÇØÁú ¶§, ŸŸ¸£[tatar]¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.


PRESTER JOHN


ÇÁ·¹½ºÅÍ Á¸

An early account, communicated probably by travelling merchants, of a Lama or spiritual chief among the Tartars, seems to have occasioned in Europe the report of a Presbyter or Prester John, a Christian pontiff resident in Upper Asia. The Pope sent a mission in search of him, as did also Louis IX of France, some years later, but both missions were unsuccessful, though the small communities of Nestorian Christians, which they did find, served to keep up the belief in Europe that such a personage did exist somewhere in the East. At last in the fifteenth century, a Portuguese traveller, Pedro Covilham, happening to hear that there was a Christian prince in the country of the Abessines (Abyssinia), not far from the Red Sea, concluded that this must be the true Prester John. He accordingly went thither, and penetrated to the court of the king, whom he calls Negus. Milton alludes to him in "Paradise Lost," Book XI., where, describing Adam's vision of his descendants in their various nations and cities, scattered over the face of the earth, he says,-

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"...Nor did his eyes not ken
Th' empire of Negus, to his utmost port,
Ercoco, and the less maritime kings,
Mombaza and Quiloa and Melind."

[see also: The Legend of Prester John]

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À̰ÍÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ Çà»óÀο¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Àü´ÞµÈ ¶ó¸¶, Áï ŸŸ¸£ Á· »çÀÌÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ ¼ö·É¿¡ °üÇÑ À̾߱Ⱑ ÀüÇÏ¿©Á® ±× ¶§¹®¿¡ ºÏ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡´Â ÇÁ·¹ÁîºñÅÍ ¶Ç´Â ÇÁ·¹½ºÅÍ Á¸À̶ó´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±³ÁÖ°¡ »ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â ¼Ò¹®ÀÌ À¯·´¿¡ ÆÛÁ³´Ù.
·Î¸¶ ±³È²Àº ±×¸¦ ã±â À§Çؼ­ »çÀý´ÜÀ» ÆÄ°ßÇß°í, ¼ö³â ÈÄ¿¡´Â ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ ·çÀÌ 9»õµµ »çÀý´ÜÀ» ÆÄ°ßÇßÀ¸³ª, µÎ »ç¶÷Àº ¸ðµÎ ¼º°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ³×½ºÅ丮¿ì½º ÆÄ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ÀÛÀº ´Üü¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°Àº Àι°ÀÌ µ¿¾ç ¾î´À °÷¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â ½Å³äÀ» ±»Çû´Ù.
¸¶Ä§³» 15¼¼±â¿¡ À̸£·¯ Æäµå·Î ÄÚºô¶÷À̶ó´Â Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥ÀÇ Å½Çè°¡°¡ È«ÇØ¿¡¼­ ¸ÖÁö ¾ÊÀº ¾Æºñ½Ã³×½ºÀÇ ³ª¶ó(¾Æºø´Ï¾Æ)¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¸¦ ¹Ï´Â ¿ÕÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¸»À» µè°í, ÀÌ ±¹¿ÕÀ̾߸»·Î ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÇÁ·¹½ºÅÍ Á¸ÀÓ¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù°í ´ÜÁ¤Çß´Ù. ±×´Â ±×°÷À» ã¾Æ°¡, ³×±¸½º¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ±× ±¹¿ÕÀÇ ±ÃÀüÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¬´Ù.

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