|
pacifism,
the opposition to war and violence as a means of settling disputes. Pacifism
may entail the belief that the waging of war by a state and the
participation in war by an individual are absolutely wrong, under any
circumstances.
|
ÆòÈÁÖÀÇ (øÁûúñ«ëù,
pacifism). ºÐÀïÀ» Á¾½Ä½ÃŰ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÇ Çϳª·Î ÀüÀï°ú Æø·ÂÀÇ
¹Ý´ë °³³ä. ÀÌ ¿øÄ¢ÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼ º¸¸é ±¹°¡°¡ ±³ÀüÀ»
°³½ÃÇϰųª °³ÀÎÀÌ ÀüÀï¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§´Â ¾î¶²
°æ¿ì¿¡µµ À߸øµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜµÈ´Ù. |
|
In the ancient world, war was taken
for granted as a necessary evil by some societies, while in others it was
not even regarded as an evil. Individual voices in various lands decried the
evils of war, but the first genuinely pacifist movement known came from Buddhism,
whose founder demanded from his followers absolute abstention from any act
of violence against their fellow creatures. In India the great
Buddhist-influenced king Ashoka in the 3rd century BC definitely
renounced war, but he was thinking primarily of wars of conquest. In
succeeding ages Buddhism does not seem to have been very successful in
restraining the rulers of countries in which it was adopted from making war.
This may be because the Buddhist rule of life, as generally understood,
served as a counsel of perfection which comparatively few could be expected
to follow in its entirety.
|
°í´ë »çȸ¿¡¼ ÀϺΠÁý´ÜÀº
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°ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ý°¢Á¶Â÷ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿©·¯ ³ª¶ó¿¡¼ °³ÀεéÀÌ
ÀüÀïÀÇ »ç¾ÇÇÔÀ» ºñ³ÇÏ°í ³ª¼¹Áö¸¸ Àηù ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ
ÆòÈÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿Àº ºÒ±³¿¡¼
³ª¿Ô´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ºÒ±³ÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚÀÎ ¼®°¡¸ð´Ï´Â
ÃßÁ¾Àڵ鿡°Ô Àý´ë »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â µ¿¹°µé¿¡°Ô ÇØ¸¦ ÀÔÇô¼´Â
¾È µÈ´Ù°í °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. BC 3¼¼±â ¼®°¡¸ð´ÏÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» °ÇϰÔ
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°ÍÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô µÈ °ÍÀº ºÒ±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ
°³ÀÎÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀ» °Á¶ÇÑ °ÍÀ̹ǷΠ±× °¡¸£Ä§À» ±×´ë·Î µû¸¦
¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ±Ø¼Ò¼ö¿¡ ºÒ°úÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
| In
classical antiquity, pacifism remained largely an ideal in the minds of a
few intellectuals. The Greek conceptions of peace--including Stoicism--were
centred on the peaceful conduct of the individual rather than on the conduct
of whole peoples or kingdoms. In Rome the achievement of pax,
or peace, was defined as a covenant between states or kingdoms that creates
a "just" situation and that rests upon bilateral recognition. This
judicial approach was applicable only to the "civilized world,"
however. Thus the Pax Romana of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD was not really
universal because it was always regarded as a peace for the civilized world
alone and excluded the barbarians. And since the barbarian threat never
ended, neither did the wars Rome waged to protect its frontiers against this
threat. (see also Greek philosophy, Roman Republic
and Empire) |
¼¾çÀÇ °íÀü½Ã´ë¿¡
ÆòÈÁÖÀÇ´Â ±Ø¼Ò¼ö Áö½ÄÀεéÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â
ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ºÒ°úÇß´Ù. ½ºÅ侯ÁÖÀǸ¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ±×¸®½ºÀÇ
ÆòȰüÀº ¹ÎÁ·À̳ª ¿Õ±¹ÀÇ Áý´ÜÀû Çൿ¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ
°ÍÀ̶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ Æòȷοî ÇൿÀ» °Á¶ÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ·Î¸¶ ½Ã´ë¿¡ Æòȶõ ±¹°¡³ª ¿Õ±¹ °£ÀÇ Çù¾à¿¡
ÀÇÇØ ¾ò¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀǵǾúÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ Çù¾à¿¡ ÀÇÇØ '°øÁ¤ÇÑ'
»óȲÀÌ Ã¢Á¶µÇ°í ¶Ç ½Ö¹æ°£ÀÇ ÀÎÁö¸¦ ¾ò¾î³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í
¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰°Àº »ç¹ýÀû Á¢±ÙÀº ¾îµð±îÁö³ª '¹®¸í»çȸ'¿¡¸¸
Àû¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼ 1, 2¼¼±â¿¡ ¼ö¸³µÈ ·Î¸¶ÀÇ
ÆòÈ(Pax Romána)´Â ¹®¸í»çȸ¸¸À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î Çϰí
¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº ¹èÁ¦ÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î Àü¼¼°èÀûÀÎ °³³äÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù.
°Ô´Ù°¡ ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÇ À§ÇùÀÌ ±×Ä¥ ³¯ÀÌ ¾ø¾î¼ ·Î¸¶ÀÎÀº ÀÌ
À§Çù¿¡ ´ëºñÇØ º¯¹æÀ» ÁöÄÑ¾ß Çß´Ù. |
| Christianity,
with its evangelical message, offered considerations in support of
individual nonviolence as well as of collective peacefulness. Jesus' spoken
words as recorded in the New Testament could be interpreted as a kind of
pacifism and in fact were so interpreted by many of Jesus' early radical
followers. As a rule, however, the "peace" that Jesus spoke of was
only open to minorities or to sects that practiced a rigorous ethics, while
the Christian Church itself had to compromise with worldly necessities.
"The question of soldiers"--the inconsistency between the pursuit
of peace and fighting in wars--was disturbing to Christians from the time of
Jesus. However, in the early 3rd century, certain passages in the Gospels
were interpreted to indicate that armies were not only acceptable but
necessary in order to fight against demons. In the early 5th century, St.
Augustine wrote De Civitate Dei (The City of
God), which presented a distinction between worldly and supraworldly
peace. He felt that worldly peace was acceptable only if it was in accord
with Christian law, and it was the duty of the worldly state to serve the
church and to defend itself against those who wished to undermine the
church's authority. These ideas prevailed throughout the Middle Ages and
were often tied with the myth of an eschatological emperor who would
suppress nonbelievers and lead the world to peaceful times. Like the Roman pax,
Christian peace needed to be perpetually defended. There was a
never-ending threat posed by non-Christians, who were viewed as demonic. |
º¹À½À» ÀüÆÄÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â
Áý´ÜÀÇ ÆòÈ´Â ¹°·Ð, °³ÀÎÀÇ ºñÆø·Âµµ ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.
¡´½Å¾à¼º¼¡µ¿¡ ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ
ÆòÈÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¿¹¼öÀÇ Ãʱ⠱ÞÁøÀûÀÎ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀº
½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¼®Çß´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â 'ÆòÈ'´Â Á¾±³Àû
À±¸®¸¦ ½ÇõÇÏ´Â ¼Ò¼ö¹ÎÁ·À̳ª Á¾ÆÄ¿¡°Ô¸¸ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â
°ÍÀÎ µ¥ ºñÇØ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±³È¸´Â Àü¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ÆòȰ¡
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Á¸Àç°¡ ¿ëÀ뵃 ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾Ç¸¶¿Í ½Î¿ì±â
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±³È¸¸¦ º¸È£ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. À̰°Àº »ç»óÀº Áß¼¼
³»³» ±× ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇß°í Á¾¸»·ÐÀûÀΠȲÁ¦µéÀÌ ³»¼¼¿î
½ÅÈ(ãêü¥)µé°ú ºó¹øÇÏ°Ô °áÇյǾú´Ù. À̵é ȲÁ¦µéÀº
ºñ½ÅÀÚµéÀ» ź¾ÐÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¼¼°èÀÇ Æòȸ¦ °¡Á®¿À´Â
±æÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â ¾Ç¸¶¶ó°í °£ÁֵǾú´ø
ºñ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµé·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ À§ÇùÀÌ ²÷ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
·Î¸¶ÀÇ ÆòÈ¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ Æòȵµ
ºñ±×¸®½ºµµ±³·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ¼öÈ£µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ Çʿ䰡
ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
| Since the Renaissance, concepts of
pacifism have been developed with varying degrees of political influence. A
great deal of pacifist thought in the 17th and 18th centuries was based on
the idea that a transfer of political power from the sovereigns to the
public was a crucial step toward world peace, since wars were thought of as
arising from the dynastic ambitions and power politics of kings and princes.
Thus was propagated the illusion that monarchies tended toward wars because
the sovereigns regarded their states as their personal property and that
compared to this, a republic would be peaceful. The offshoot of these
theories was the creation of pacifist organizations in 19th-century Europe
in which such ideas as general disarmament and the instigation of special
courts to hear international conflicts were entertained. The theme of
pacifism thereby caught the public interest and inspired an extensive
literature. Some of these ideas were later realized in the Court of
Arbitration in The Hague, the League of Nations, the United Nations, and
temporary disarmament conferences, but their overall effect was limited. In
the 19th century, for instance, the real maintenance of a relative peace
resulted from the statesmanlike political establishment of a balance of
power among the five great European states. The succeeding century, with its
two world wars, its nuclear stalemate, and its unending succession of
conflicts among developed and developing nations, has been notable chiefly
for the utter irrelevance of pacifist principles and practices. |
¸£³×»ó½º ÀÌÈÄ ÆòÈÁÖÀÇÀÇ
°³³äÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é¼ ¹ßÀüÇØ¿Ô´Ù. 17, 18¼¼±âÀÇ
ÁÖµÈ ÆòÈÁÖÀÇ »ç»óÀº Á¤Ä¡±Ç·ÂÀÌ ±ºÁַκÎÅÍ
ÀϹݴëÁß¿¡°Ô·Î À̵¿µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̰°Àº
»ç»ó¿¡ µû¶ó ÀüÀïÀº ±ºÁÖµéÀÇ ¿ÕÁ¶Àû ¾ß¸Á°ú
±Ç·ÂÅõÀïÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀϾ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
µû¶ó¼ ±ºÁÖµéÀº ±¹°¡¸¦ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû »çÀ¯¹°·Î
»ý°¢ÇÏ¿© ÀüÀïÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¹Ý¸é °øÈ±¹Àº Æòȸ¦
»ç¶ûÇѴٴ ȯ»óÀÌ ¹øÁ®³ª°¬´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç»óÀÇ ºÎ»ê¹°·Î
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ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Æø³ÐÀº ³íÀú°¡ Àú¼úµÇ¾ú´Ù. À̰°Àº »ç»óÀº
ÈÄÀÏ ÇìÀÌ±× ±¹Á¦»ç¹ýÀçÆÇ¼Ò, ±¹Á¦¿¬¸Í, ±¹Á¦¿¬ÇÕ(UN),
ÀáÁ¤Àû ±ºÃàȸ´ã µîÀ¸·Î °á½ÇÀ» ¸Î¾úÀ¸³ª ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î
º¸¾Æ ±× È¿°ú´Â ¾ÆÁÖ Á¦ÇѵǾî ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î 19¼¼±â¿¡´Â
5°³ °±¹ÀÌ ¼·Î ¼¼·Â±ÕÇüÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû ±¸µµ¸¦ ÅëÇØ
ºñ±³Àû ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ ÆòȰ¡ ¾ò¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 20¼¼±â¿¡
µé¾î¿Í 2¹øÀÇ ¼¼°è´ëÀü, ÇÙ À§Çù, °³¹ß±¹°ú °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹
»çÀÌÀÇ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â °¥µî µîÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ÆòÈÁÖÀÇÀû ¿øÄ¢°ú
½ÇõÀÌ Àß ÀÌ·ç¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. |
| Pacifism is not a part of Communist
ideology. Lenin rejected it outright, and in the work of Karl Marx,
"revolution" and "war" are synonymous. Their theories
and those of Friedrich Engels advocate the necessity of "just" war
against the capitalistic classes, with the goals of a classless society and
universal peace following the world-revolutionary victory of the
international proletariat. |
ÆòÈÁÖÀÇ´Â °ø»êÁÖÀÇ
À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ·¹´ÑÀº À̰ÍÀ» ¸í¹éÈ÷
°ÅºÎÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í Ä® ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÀÇ Àú¼¿¡¼, "Çõ¸í"°ú
"ÀüÀï"Àº µ¿ÀǾîÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀÇ À̷еé°ú ¿¨°Ö½ºÀÇ
À̷еéÀº, ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾ÆÀÇ ¼¼°èÀû Çõ¸íÀÇ
½Â¸®°¡ °¡Á®´Ù ÁÖ´Â °è±Þ¾ø´Â »çȸ¿Í º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ Æòȸ¦
¸ñÇ¥·ÎÇÏ¿©, ÀÚº» °è±Þµé¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â "Á¤´çÇÑ"
ÀüÀïÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ¿ª¼³ÇÑ´Ù. |
| There
are two general approaches or varieties of pacifist behaviour and
aspirations. The one rests on the advocacy of pacifism and the
complete renunciation of war as a policy to be adopted by a nation. The other
stems from the conviction of an
individual
that his personal conscience forbids him to participate in any act of war
and perhaps in any act of violence whatsoever. (see also conscientious
objector ) |
ÆòÈÁÖÀÇÀû Çൿ¿¡´Â
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î 2°¡Áö Á¢±Ù¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ù°, ÆòÈÁÖÀǸ¦
¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡´Â ÀüÀïÀ» Àü¸éÀûÀ¸·Î Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â Á¤Ã¥À»
äÅÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í, µÑ°, °³ÀÎÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» °Á¶ÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ¸·Î, °³ÀÎÀÌ ±× ¾î¶² ÀüÀï ¶Ç´Â Æø·ÂÇàÀ§¿¡ °¡´ãÇÏÁö
¾Ê°Ú´Ù´Â °ÇÑ È®½ÅÀ» °¡Áö°í ¿òÁ÷¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
| The arguments for pacifism as a
possible national policy run on familiar lines. The obvious and admitted
evils of war are stressed--the human suffering and loss of life, the
economic damage, and perhaps above all, the moral and spiritual degradation
war brings. Since World War II increasing emphasis has also been laid on the
terrible powers of destruction latent in nuclear weapons. Pacifist advocates
often assume that the abandonment of war as an instrument of national policy
will not be possible until the world community has become so organized that
it can enforce justice among its members. The nonpacifist would, in general,
accept what the pacifist says about the evils of war and the need for
international organization. But he would claim that the pacifist has not
faced squarely the possible evils that would result from the alternative
policy of a nation's nonresistance in the face of external aggression: the
possible mass deportations and even mass exterminations and the subjection
of conquered peoples to totalitarian regimes that would suppress just those
values which the pacifist stands for. |
ÆòÈÁÖÀǸ¦
±¹°¡Á¤Ã¥À¸·Î »ï¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³íÁö´Â
ÀϹݴëÁß¿¡°Ô Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Â ÆíÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀº ƯÈ÷
ÀüÀïÀÇ °øÁöµÈ ÆóÇØ¸¦ °Á¶ÇÑ´Ù. ÀθíÀÌ ¼Õ»óµÇ°í °æÁ¦Àû
ÇÇÇØ°¡ ¿À¸ç ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº µµ´öÀû¡¤Á¤½ÅÀû
Ÿ¶ôÀÌ ¿À°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â ÁÖÀåÀÌ´Ù. Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â
ÇÙ¹«±â°¡ ³»Æ÷ÇÏ´Â °¡°øÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ÆÄ±«·ÂÀÌ °Åµì °Á¶µÇ°í
°æ°èµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÆòÈÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéµµ
¼¼°è°¡ ÇϳªÀÇ ´ÜÀ§·Î Á¶Á÷µÇ¾î ȸ¿ø±¹ÀÎ °¢ ³ª¶óµéÀ»
´Ü¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÈûÀÌ »ý±æ ¶§±îÁö´Â ÀüÀïÆ÷±â°¡
±¹°¡Á¤Ã¥ÀÌ µÉ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÆòÈÁÖÀǸ¦
ÁöÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µé ¿ª½Ã ÀüÀïÀÇ ÆóÇØ°¡ ½É°¢Çϰí
±¹Á¦Àû ´Ü¼Ó±â°üÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ½ÃÀÎÇÏÁö¸¸, À̵éÀº
ÆòÈÁÖÀÇÀÚ°¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº »ç½ÇÀ» °£°úÇß´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.
Áï ÆòÈÁÖÀÇÀû Á¤Ã¥À» äÅÃÇß´Ù°¡ ¿ÜºÎÀÇ Ä§·«À» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ»
¶§ Á÷¸éÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ¿Â°® ÆóÇØ¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô °¨´çÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç,
¿ÜºÎÀÇ Ä§·«ÀÚµéÀÌ ´ë·® ¼ö°¨ ¶Ç´Â ´ë·® ÇлìÀ»
ÀúÁö¸£¸é¼ ÆòÈÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ °¡Ä¡°üÀ» ¼ÛµÎ¸®Â° ÆÄ±«Çϰí
ÆòÈÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀüüÁÖÀÇÀû üÁ¦¿¡ Á¾¼Ó½Ã۸é
¾î¶»°Ô ÇϰڴÀ³Ä´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
| Pacifists may claim that these evils
can be met by nonviolence, i.e.,
the general attitude of friendliness and benevolence which, it is claimed,
may disarm even the most savage aggressors. Nonviolence could also mean
nonviolent resistance, which relies on the difficulties and inconvenience
that can be caused to the conqueror or oppressor by a general refusal of the
public to cooperate. But 20th-century history shows a striking number of
occasions on which nonviolent tactics such as these entirely failed to
disarm the enemy or even to preserve the communities practicing them.
Pacifist Christian sects have often been the objects of the most ruthless
persecution in a time period stretching from the European Middle Ages to the
Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. The story of the persecution of the Jews over
many centuries is only too familiar, though for generations they practiced
nonviolence toward their persecutors. It seems that pacifist or nonviolent
methods can only be effective against a power that has no very strong
motives for going to extremes of suppression or one that is governed at
least in part by the same moral scruples that actuate the pacifists
themselves. It seems clear to most nonpacifists that complete nonresistance
to external aggression would sooner or later lead to foreign domination of
one's country, perhaps by the most fanatical and ruthless powers. |
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Personal pacifism is a relatively common phenomenon
compared to national pacifism. Members of several small Christian sects who
try to literally follow the precepts of Jesus Christ have refused to
participate in military service in many nations and have been willing to
suffer the criminal or civil penalties that followed. Not all of these and
other conscientious objectors
are pacifists, but the great majority of
conscientious objectors base their refusal to serve on their pacifist
convictions. There are, moreover, wide differences of opinion among
pacifists themselves about their attitude toward a community at war, ranging
from the very small minority who would refuse to do anything that could help
the national effort to those prepared to offer any kind of service short of
actual fighting. |
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¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ±Ø¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ½ÇÁ¦ ÃÑÀ» ½î´Â ÀüÅõ¿¡
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- famous pacifists
- Attenborough, Richard Samuel, Baron of Richmond upon Thames
- Einstein, Albert
- Hesse, Hermann
- Karolyi, Mihaly, Count
- Kautsky, Karl Johann
- Keller, Hellen Adams
- Ossietzky, Carl von
- Paul, Alice
- Rankin, Jeannette
- Rolland, Romain
- Sherwood, Robert E(mmet)
- Unruh, Fritz von
- Zweig, Stefan
- Socialist
Party (In America)
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