åÐãýîÜܲæµËÞÜúíº,
conscientious objector
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*see the Book Kingdom
of God is Withih You by Leo Tolstoy
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ [Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ³ÊÀÇ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó]
Âü°í |
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| conscientious
objector(CO), one who opposes bearing arms or who objects
to any type of military training and service. Some conscientious objectors
refuse to submit to any of the procedures of compulsory conscription. Although
all objectors take their position on the basis of conscience, they may have
varying religious, philosophical, or political reasons for their beliefs.
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¾ç½ÉÀû º´¿ª°ÅºÎÀÚ (åÐãýîÜܲæµËÞÜúíº, conscientious
objector, CO).
¹«±â¸¦ µå´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇϰųª ¸ðµç ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±º»çÈÆ·Ã°ú
±º´ëº¹¹«¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷.
ÀϺΠ¾ç½ÉÀû º´¿ª°ÅºÎÀÚ´Â Àǹ«Â¡ÁýÀýÂ÷¿¡ ÀÀÇÏ´Â °ÍÁ¶Â÷
°ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù. ¸ðµç º´¿ª°ÅºÎÀÚµéÀº ¾ç½É»óÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ µé¾î
º´¿ªÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀÌ ±×·± ½Å³äÀ» °®°Ô µÈ Á¾±³Àû¡¤Ã¶ÇÐÀû¡¤Á¤Ä¡Àû
ÀÌÀ¯´Â ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù.
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Conscientious objection to military
service has existed in some form since the beginning of the Christian era and
has, for the most part, been associated with religious scruples against military
activities. It developed as a doctrine of the Mennonites
in various parts of Europe in the 16th century, of the Society of Friends in
England in the 17th century, and of the Church of the Brethren and of the
Dukhobors in Russia in the 18th century.
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¾ç½ÉÀû º´¿ª°ÅºÎ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ½Ã´ë
ÃʱâºÎÅÍ Á¸ÀçÇØ¿Ô°í, ´ëºÎºÐ ±º»çȰµ¿¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â Á¾±³Àû
¾ç½É°ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·± ½Å³äÀº
16¼¼±â¿¡ À¯·´ÀÇ ¿©·¯
Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ¸Þ³ëÆÄ±³µµÀÇ ±³¸®·Î ¹ßÀüÇß°í, 17¼¼±â¿¡´Â ¿µ±¹
ÇÁ·»µåÆÄ ±³È¸( ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³)ÀÇ
±³¸®°¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, 18¼¼±â¿¡´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ ÇüÁ¦´Ü°ú
µÎÈ£º¸¸£ÆÄ
±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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Throughout history, governments have
been generally unsympathetic toward individual conscientious objectors; their
refusal to under take military service has been treated like any other breach of
law. There have, however, been times when certain pacifistic religious sects
have been exempted. During the 19th century, Prussia exempted the Mennonites
from military service in return for a military tax, and until 1874 they were
exempted in Russia. Such exceptions were unusual, however.
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¿ª»ç»ó ¸ðµç ³ª¶óÀÇ Á¤ºÎ´Â ´ëü·Î °³º°ÀûÀÎ ¾ç½ÉÀû
º´¿ª°ÅºÎÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â µ¿Á¤½ÉÀ» º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
±×µéÀÇ
º´¿ª°ÅºÎ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹ý·ü À§¹ÝÇàÀ§¿Í ¶È°°ÀÌ Ãë±ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÆòÈÁÖÀǸ¦ Ç¥¹æÇÏ´Â Á¾±³Àû ºÐÆÄ´Â º´¿ªÀǹ«¸¦
¸éÁ¦¹ÞÀ» ¶§µµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 19¼¼±â¿¡ ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾Àº ¸Þ³ëÆÄ±³µµ¿¡°Ô
º´¿ªÀǹ«¸¦ ¸éÁ¦ÇØÁÖ°í ´ë½Å ¼¼±ÝÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ
¸Þ³ëÆÄ±³µµ´Â 1874³â±îÁö º´¿ªÀǹ«¸¦ ¸éÁ¦¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
±×·¯³ª
±×·± ¿¹¿Ü´Â µå¹°¾ú´Ù. |
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The relatively liberal policy of the
United States began in colonial Pennsylvania, whose government was controlled
until 1756 by Quaker pacifists. Since the American Civil War and the enactment
of the first U.S. conscript law, some form of alternative service has been
granted to those unwilling to bear arms. Under the conscript laws of 1940,
conscientious objector status, including some form of service unrelated to and
not controlled by the military, was granted, but solely on the basis of
membership in a recognized pacifistic religious sect. Objections of a
philosophical, political, or personal moral nature were not considered valid
reasons for refusing military service. (see also American law)
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¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ ¾ç½ÉÀû º´¿ª°ÅºÎÀÚ¿¡°Ô
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ÆòÈÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ÇàÁ¤±ÇÀ» Àå¾ÇÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
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¹«±â¸¦ µé°í ½Í¾îÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î º´¿ªÀ»
´ë½ÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1940³â¿¡ Á¦Á¤µÈ ¡Áý¹ýÀº ¾ç½ÉÀû
º´¿ª°ÅºÎÀÚÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿© ±º´ë¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø°í ±º´ë°¡
°ü¸®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ø¹«È°µ¿¿¡ Á¾»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º´¿ªÀǹ«¸¦
´ë½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çã¶ôÇßÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·± ÇýÅÃÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸·Á¸é ³Î¸®
ÀÎÁ¤µÈ ÆòÈÁÖÀÇÀû Á¾ÆÄ¿¡ ¼ÓÇØ ÀÖ¾î¾ß Çß´Ù.
öÇÐÀû¡¤Á¤Ä¡Àû
ÀÌÀ¯ ¶Ç´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ À±¸®¸¦ ÀÌÀ¯·Î º´¿ªÀǹ«¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
Á¤´çÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯·Î °£ÁÖµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. |
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In Great Britain a noncombatant corps
was established during World War I, but many conscientious objectors refused to
belong to it. During World War II, three types of exemption could be granted:
(1) unconditional; (2) conditional on the undertaking of specified civil work;
(3) exemption only from combatant duties. Conscription in Great Britain ended in
1960, and in 1968 recruits were allowed discharge as conscientious objectors
within six months from the date of their entry into the military. (see also
English law)
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â¼³µÇ¾úÁö¸¸ ¸¹Àº ¾ç½ÉÀû º´¿ª°ÅºÎÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÎ´ë¿¡¼
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3°¡Áö
À¯ÇüÀÇ º´¿ª¸éÁ¦°¡ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ù°,
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ÀüÅõÀǹ«¸¸ ¸éÁ¦ÇØÁÖ´Â Á¦ÇÑÀû ¸éÁ¦°¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Until the 1960s neither France nor Belgium
had legal provision for conscientious objectors, although for some years in both
countries growing public opinion--fortified in France by the unpopularity of the
Algerian War of Independence--had forced limited recognition administratively. A
French law of 1963 finally gave legal
recognition to religious and philosophical objectors, providing both
noncombatant and alternative civilian service with a term of service twice that
of the military term. Belgium enacted a similar law in 1964, recognizing
objection to all military service on religious, philosophical, and moral
grounds.
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ÇÁ¶û½º¿Í
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ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¿©·ÐÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁ³´Âµ¥, ƯÈ÷ ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼´Â ¾ËÁ¦¸®
µ¶¸³ÀüÀïÀÌ Àα⸦ ¾òÁö ¸øÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·± ¿©·ÐÀÌ ´õ¿í
°ÇØÁ³´Ù. ±×°á°ú µÎ ³ª¶ó Á¤ºÎ´Â Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ¸·Î³ª¸¶ º´¿ªÀǹ«
¸éÁ¦¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾úÁö¸¸, ÀÌ µÎ ³ª¶ó¿¡ ¾ç½ÉÀû
º´¿ª°ÅºÎÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ý·üÀÌ Á¦Á¤µÈ °ÍÀº 1960³â´ë¿¡
µé¾î¿Í¼¿´´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½º´Â 1963³â¿¡ Á¾±³Àû¡¤Ã¶ÇÐÀû ÀÌÀ¯·Î
º´¿ªÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ¾ç½ÉÀû °ÅºÎÀÚ¸¦ ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿©,
º´¿ªÀ» ¸éÁ¦¹Þ´Â ´ë½Å º¹¹«±â°£ÀÇ 2¹è¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ±â°£À»
ºñÀüÅõºÎ´ë¿øÀ̳ª ¹®°üÀ¸·Î º¹¹«Çϵµ·Ï ±ÔÁ¤Çß´Ù.
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1964³â¿¡ ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¹ý·üÀ» Á¦Á¤ÇÏ¿©,
Á¾±³Àû¡¤Ã¶ÇÐÀû¡¤À±¸®Àû
ÀÌÀ¯·Î º´¿ªÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤Çß´Ù. |
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Scandinavian countries recognize all
types of objectors and provide both noncombatant and civilian service. In Norway
and Sweden civil defense is compulsory, with no
legal recognition of objection to that type of service. A Swedish law of 1966
provided complete exemption from compulsory service for Jehovah's
Witnesses. In The
Netherlands, religious and moral objectors are recognized. During the
period of German partition (1949-90), the Federal
Republic (West Germany) recognized all types of objectors, providing
noncombatant service and alternative civilian service, while after 1964 East
Germany provided noncombatant military services for conscientious
objectors.
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Çѱ¹¿¡¼´Â Á¾±³»óÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯·Î º´¿ªÀǹ«¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»
ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù.
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