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Rolland, Romain
(b. Jan. 29, 1866, Clamecy, Fr.--d. Dec. 30, 1944, Vézelay), novelist,
dramatist, essayist, and one of the great mystics of 20th-century French
literature. He was, in his life and writings, deeply involved in the major
social, political, and spiritual events of his age: the Dreyfus Affair, which
exposed anti-Semitism in the French army; pacifism; communism; the fight against
fascism; and the search for world peace.
At age
14, Rolland went to Paris to study and found a society in spiritual disarray. He
was admitted to the École Normale Supérieure, lost his religious
faith, discovered the writings of Benedict de Spinoza and Leo Tolstoy, and
developed a passion for music. He studied history (1889) and received a
doctorate in art (1895), after which he went on a two-year mission to Italy at
the École Française de Rome. At first, Rolland wrote plays but was
unsuccessful in his attempts to reach a vast audience and to rekindle "the
heroism and the faith of the nation." He collected his plays in two cycles:
Les Tragédies de la foi (1913;
"The Tragedies of Faith"), which contains Aërt
(1898), and Le Théâtre de la révolution
(1904), which includes a presentation of the Dreyfus Affair, Les
Loups (1898; The Wolves), and Danton
(1900).
In
1912, after a brief career in teaching art and musicology, he resigned to devote
full time to writing. He collaborated with Charles Péguy in the journal Les
Cahiers de la Quinzaine, where he first published his best-known novel, Jean-Christophe,
10 vol. (1904-12). For this and for his pamphlet Au-dessus de la mêlée (1915; "Above the
Battle"), a call for France and Germany to respect truth and humanity
throughout their struggle in World War I, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for
Literature in 1915. His thought was the centre of a violent controversy and was
not fully understood until 1952 with the posthumous publication of his Journal des années de guerre, 1914-1919 ("Journal of the
War Years, 1914-1919"). In 1914 he moved to Switzerland, where he lived
until his return to France in 1937.
His
passion for the heroic found expression in a series of biographies of geniuses: Vie
de Beethoven (1903; Beethoven),
who was for Rolland the universal musician above all the others; Vie
de Michel-Ange (1905; The Life of
Michel Angelo), and Vie de Tolstoi
(1911; Tolstoy), among others.
Rolland's
masterpiece, Jean-Christophe,
is one of the longest great novels ever written and is a prime example of the roman
fleuve ("novel cycle") in France. An epic in construction and
style, rich in poetic feeling, it presents the successive crises confronting a
creative genius--here a musical composer of German birth, Jean-Christophe
Krafft, modeled half after Beethoven and half after Rolland--who, despite
discouragement and the stresses of his own turbulent personality, is inspired by
love of life. The friendship between this young German and a young Frenchman
symbolizes the "harmony of opposites" that Rolland believed could
eventually be established between nations throughout the world.
After
a burlesque fantasy, Colas Breugnon
(1919), Rolland published a second novel cycle, L'Âme-enchantée, 7 vol. (1922-33), in which he exposed
the cruel effects of political sectarianism. In the 1920s he turned to Asia,
especially India, seeking to interpret its mystical philosophy to the West in
such works as Mahatma Gandhi (1924).
Rolland's vast correspondence with such figures as Albert Schweitzer, Albert
Einstein, Bertrand Russell, and Rabindranath Tagore was published in the Cahiers
Romain Rolland (1948). His posthumously published Mémoires
(1956) and private journals bear witness to the exceptional integrity of a
writer dominated by the love of mankind.
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Àú¼
.«í«Þ«ó «í«¡«óîïó¢ îï35Ïç ܬÏç
:, Romain Rolland
ÏàÜâïáôèªÛª«æ», ªßª¹ªºßöÛ®, 1959-66
.Äݶó ºê·ç´¨
: R. ·Ñ¶û,
±èÇØÁø ¿ª, û¸ñ»ç, 1990
.º£¿¡Å亥ÀÇ »ý¾Ö
: R. ·Ñ¶û,
Á¤¼ºÈ£ ¿ª, ¾ç¿µ°¢, 1989
.ÀåÅ©¸®½ºÅäÇÁ(µ¿¼¼¼°è¹®ÇдëÀüÁý
21) : R. ·Ñ¶û,
¼Õ¼®¸°
¿ª, µ¿¼¹®È»ç, 1987
.¸ÅȤµÈ ¿µÈ¥
: R. ·Ñ¶û,
±èº´¿í ¿ª, °¡¶÷±âȹ, 1985
.¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð
: R. ·Ñ¶û,
¹ü¿ì»ç ÆíÁýºÎ ¿ª, ¹ü¿ì»ç, 1983
.Àú±â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ³ª¶ó°¡ ÀÖ¾î-Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ºñ±Ø
: R. ·Ñ¶û,
¹ÚÇö±Ô ¿ª, °æ¹Ì¹®È»ç, 1978
¿¬±¸¼
.·Î¸Á ·Ñ¶û(ÈÞ¸ÕÆÄ¿ö
53) : E. ºí·ë,
¹Ú°æ½Ä ¿ª, µ¿¼¹®È»ç,
1985
.¾Óµå·¹ Áöµå¿Í ·Î¸Á ·Ñ¶û
: F. J. ÇØ¸®½º,
Á¶À»Çö ¿ª, Ç®ºû,
1984
.Romain Rolland : M. Descotes, 1948
.L'Idealisme de R. Rolland : A. R. Levy, 1946 |