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Non-Resistant -- Non-Violence

¹«ÀúÇ× (Ùíî½ù÷) - ºñÆø·Â (ÞªøìÕô)

Mahavira

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Mahavira (Sanskrit: "Great Hero"), byname of VARDHAMANA (b. c. 599 BC, Ksatriyakundagrama, India--d. 527, Pavapuri), last of the 24 Tirthankaras ("Ford-makers"; the saints who founded Jainism), and the reformer of the Jaina monastic community. The traditions of the two main Jaina sects record that Mahavira became a monk and followed an extreme ascetic life, attaining kevala, the stage of omniscience or highest perception. Teaching a doctrine of austerity, Mahavira advocated nonviolence, vegetarianism, and the acceptance of the mahavratas, the five "great vows" of renunciation.

¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó (Mahavira). º»¸íÀº Vardhamana. (»ê½ºÅ©¸®Æ®·Î 'À§´ëÇÑ ¿µ¿õ'À̶ó´Â ¶æ). BC 599 Àεµ Å©»þÆ®¸®¾ÆÄô´Ù±×¶ó¸¶~BC 527 ÆÄ¹ÙǪ¸®.

ÀÚÀ̳ª±³¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å² 24¸íÀÇ Æ¼¸£ÅÁÄ«¶ó(Tirthankara£º¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ±ú´ÞÀº ½º½Â) °¡¿îµ¥ ¸¶Áö¸· Àι°, ÀÚÀ̳ª±³ ½Â°¡ÀÇ °³ÇõÀÚ.

ÀÚÀ̳ª±³ÀÇ ¾ç´ë Á¾ÆÄÀÎ ¹éÀÇÆÄ(ÛÜëý÷ï)¿Í °øÀÇÆÄ(Íöëý÷ï)ÀÇ °øÅëµÈ Àü½Â¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó´Â Ãâ°¡ÇÏ¿© ±ØµµÀÇ ±Ý¿åÀûÀÎ »îÀ» ½ÇõÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÃÖ»óÀÇ ÁöÇý(kevalajñana)¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó´Â ±Ý¿åÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» Æì¸é¼­ ºñÆø·Â°ú ä½ÄÀ» ¿ËÈ£Çß°í, ºÒ»ì»ý¡¤ºÒ¸Á¾î(ÝÕØÍëâ)¡¤ºÒÅõµµ(ÝÕ÷ÞÔ¨)¡¤ºÒ»çÀ½(ÝÕÞ÷ëâ)¡¤¹«¼ÒÀ¯ µî Ãâ°¡ 5°è¸¦ ¾ö¼öÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±ÇÇß´Ù.

Life

Although it is traditionally accepted that Mahavira was born about 599 BC, this date is considered by scholars to be some 40 or more years too early, as he appears to have been a younger contemporary of the Buddha. The son of a Kshatriya (Ksatriya; warrior caste) family, he grew up in Ksatriyakundagrama, a suburb of Vaishali (modern Basarh, Bihar state), the area of origin of both Jainism and Buddhism. His father was Siddhartha, a ruler of the Nata, or Jñatr, clan. According to one Jaina tradition his mother was named Devananda and was a member of the Brahman (priestly) caste; other traditions name her Trishala, Videhadinna, or Priyakarini, and place her in the Kshatriya caste.

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ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó´Â BC 599³â¿¡ ž´Ù°í ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Áö°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±×°¡ ¼®°¡¸ð´Ï¿Í µ¿½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼­ ¼®°¡¸ð´Ïº¸´Ù ³ªÀ̰¡ ¾î·È´Ù°í ÃßÁ¤Çϸ鼭 ±×ÀÇ Ãâ»ý ¿¬´ë¸¦ 40³â Á¤µµ ÈÄ´ë·Î º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó´Â ¹«»ç °è±ÞÀÎ Å©»þÆ®¸®¾Æ °¡¹®¿¡¼­ ž¼­ ÀÚÀ̳ª±³¿Í ºÒ±³ÀÇ ¹ß»óÁöÀÎ ¹ÙÀ̼£¸®(Áö±ÝÀÇ ºñÇϸ£ ÁÖ ¹Ù»ç¸£ Áö¹æ)ÀÇ ±³¿Ü¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Å©»þÆ®¸®¾ÆÄô´Ù±×¶ó¸¶¶ó´Â ¸¶À»¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¶ó³µ´Ù. ¾Æ¹öÁö ½Ë´Ù¸£Å¸´Â ³ªÅ¸(Nata/Jñat) ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ¿ÕÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÚÀ̳ª±³ÀÇ ÇÑ Àü½Â¿¡ µû¸£¸é ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â »çÁ¦ °è±ÞÀÎ ºê¶ó¸¸ °¡¹® Ãâ½ÅÀ̾ú°í À̸§Àº µ¥¹Ù³­´Ù¿´´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ Àü½Â¿¡ µû¸£¸é Å©»þÆ®¸®¾Æ °¡¹® Ãâ½ÅÀ¸·Î À̸§Àº Æ®¸®»ì·ª ¶Ç´Â ºñµ¥Çϵò³ª, ÇÁ¸®¾ßÄ«¸®´Ï¿´´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.

The 6th century BC was a period of great intellectual, philosophical, religious, and social ferment in India, a period in which certain members of the Kshatriya caste opposed the cultural domination of the Brahmans, who used their positions as members of the highest caste to make demands upon the lower castes. In particular, there was growing opposition to the large-scale Vedic sacrifices (yajña), which involved the killing of many animals. Unnecessary killing had become objectionable to many thoughtful people of the time, with the spread of the doctrine of reincarnation, which linked animals and human beings in the same cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Economic factors may also have encouraged the growth of the doctrine of nonviolence. The leaders of the anti-Brahman sects came to be regarded as heretical. Mahavira and his contemporary Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, were two of the greatest leaders in this movement. Àεµ¿¡¼­ BC 6¼¼±â´Â öÇÐÀû¡¤Á¾±³Àû¡¤»çȸÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë°Ýµ¿ÀÇ ½Ã±â¿´À¸¸ç, Å©»þÆ®¸®¾Æ °è±ÞÀÇ ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÃÖ°íÀÇ °è±ÞÀ¸·Î ±º¸²ÇÏ´ø ºê¶ó¸¸ °è±ÞÀÇ ¹®È­Àû Áö¹è¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÑ ½Ã±â¿´´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ¸¹Àº µ¿¹°À» Á׿© Á¦»çÁö³»´Â º£´ÙÀÇ Èñ»ýÁ¦(yajña)¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¹Ý´ë ÀǽÄÀÌ °íÁ¶µÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´ç½Ã¿¡ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³ª°í Á×°í ȯ»ýÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ µ¿¹°·Îµµ Àü»ý(ï®ßæ)ÇÑ´Ù´Â À±È¸°üÀÌ ³Î¸® È®»êµÇ¸é¼­ ¸¹Àº Áö¼ºÀεéÀÌ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ »ìÀ°À» ºÎ´çÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ºñÆø·ÂÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ È®»êµÈ µ¥¿¡´Â °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Òµµ ÀÛ¿ëÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºê¶ó¸¸ ¹Ý´ëÆÄÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ´ÜÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵDZ⿡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó¿Í ¼®°¡¸ð´Ï´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ µÎ ÁöµµÀÚ¿´´Ù. ¸¶ÇϺñ¶óÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àü½ÂÀº ÀÚÀ̳ª±³ÀÇ ¾ç´ë Á¾ÆÄÀÎ ¹éÀÇÆÄ¿Í °øÀÇÆÄ°¡ ¼­·Î ´Ù¼Ò ´Ù¸£´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó°¡ ¸º¾ÆµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾î¼­ ÅëÄ¡±ÇÀ» »ó¼Ó¹ÞÀ» ¼ö´Â ¾ø¾úÁö¸¸ »çÄ¡½º·¯¿î »ýȰÀ» ´©¸®¸ç ÀÚ¶õ °ÍÀº ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ±×´Â Å©»þÆ®¸®¾Æ Ãâ½ÅÀÇ ¿©ÀÚ¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÏ¿© µþ Çϳª¸¦ ³º°í 30¼¼°¡ µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ Ãâ°¡ÇÏ¿© ¼öµµÀÇ ±æ¿¡ µé¾î¼¹´Ù. Àü¼³¿¡ µû¸£¸é ±×ÀÇ ºÎ¸ð´Â ±× Àü¿¡ ´Ü½Ä(sallekhana£ºÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ ´Ü½Ä)À» ÇàÇÏ¿© ½º½º·Î ¸ñ¼ûÀ» ²÷¾ú´Ù. ÀÌó·³ ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó´Â ºÎ¸ð°¡ ¼ÓÇØ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÆÄ¸£½´¹Ù³ªÅ¸ÀÇ ±Ý¿åÀû ±³´Ü¿¡ ÀÔ¹®ÇÒ ¶§ ÀÌ¹Ì Àڱ⠺ÎÁ¤¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇØ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Though the traditions about the life of Mahavira vary according to the two Jaina sects--the Svetambaras ("White-robed") and the Digambaras ("Sky-clad"; i.e., naked)--he apparently was reared in luxury, though as a younger son he could not inherit the leadership of the clan. At the age of 30, after he had married a lady of the Kshatriya caste and had a daughter, he renounced the world and became a monk. According to legend, his parents had died by practicing the rite of sallekhana--i.e., voluntary self-starvation. Thus, when Mahavira joined the ascetic order of Parshvanatha, to which his parents had belonged, self-denial was not foreign to him.

Perhaps beginning as a member of the order of Parshvanatha, Mahavira used one garment for more than a year, but subsequently he went about naked and kept no possessions--not even a bowl for obtaining alms or drinking water. He allowed insects to crawl on his body and even bite him, bearing the pain with patience. People frequently shouted at him and hit him because of his uncouth and unsightly body. He meditated day and night and lived in various places--workshops, cremation and burial grounds, and at the foot of trees. Trying to avoid all sinful activity, he especially avoided injuring any kind of life, thus developing the doctrine of ahimsa, or nonviolence. He kept numerous fast periods and never ate anything that was expressly prepared for him. Though he wandered about continuously during most of the year, Mahavira spent the four months of the rainy season in villages and towns. (see also  ahimsa, or ahimsa)

During his many wanderings he endured abusive language and physical injuries, always with patience and equanimity.

ÆÄ¸£½´¹Ù³ªÅ¸ ±³´Ü¿¡ ÀÔ¹®ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¼öµµ»ýȰ¿¡ µé¾î¼± ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó´Â óÀ½¿¡´Â 1³â ÀÌ»ó 1¹úÀÇ ¿Ê¸¸À» °ÉÄ¡´Ù°¡ ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ³ªÃ¼·Î À̰÷Àú°÷À» ´Ù³æ°í °ø¾çÀ» ¹Þ°Å³ª ¹°À» ¸¶½Ã±â À§ÇÑ ±×¸©¸¶Àú Æ÷±âÇÔÀ¸·Î½á öÀúÇÑ ¹«¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ »îÀ» ½ÇõÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ÇØÃæµéÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ö À§¸¦ ±â¾î´Ù´Ï°Å³ª ¹°¾î¶â°Ô ³öµÎ°í Àγ»¸¦ °¡Áö°í ¾ÆÇÄÀ» °ßµð¾ú´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº Á¾Á¾ ±×ÀÇ ¸öÀÌ ÃßÇÏ°í ²Ã»ç³³´Ù°í ÇÏ¸ç ¿å¼³À» ÆÛº×°í ¸ÅÁúÀ» Çß´Ù. ¹ã³·À¸·Î ¸í»óÇϸç È­ÀåÅͳª ¹¦Áö ¶Ç´Â ³ª¹« ¹Ø¿¡¼­ »ýȰÇß´Ù. Á˰¡ µÇ´Â ÇൿÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö ÇÇÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¾²°í ƯÈ÷ ¾î¶² »ý¸íü¿¡°Ôµµ ÇÇÇØ¸¦ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇϸ鼭 ¾ÆÈû»ç(ahis), Áï ºñÆø·ÂÀÇ ±³ÀǸ¦ ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¼öÂ÷¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ´Ü½ÄÀ» Çß°í ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§ÇØ Æ¯º°È÷ ¸¶·ÃµÈ À½½ÄÀº ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¸ÔÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. °ÅÀÇ 1³â ³»³» À̰÷Àú°÷À» µ¹¾Æ´Ù³æÁö¸¸ ¿ì±âÀÇ 4°³¿ù µ¿¾ÈÀº ¸¶À»°ú µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ º¸³Â´Ù. °Å¸®¸¦ Áö³¯ ¶§ ¿å¼³À» µè°í À°Ã¼Àû »óÇØ¸¦ ÀÔ¾úÁö¸¸ °áÄÚ Àγ»½É°ú ÆòÁ¤À» ÀÒÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

Mahavira's teachings.

After 12 years of practicing such austerities, Mahavira attained kevala, the highest stage of perception. The school of Parshvanatha apparently had been waning in appeal; Mahavira revived and reorganized Jaina doctrine and its monastic order, thus being credited as the founder of Jainism. Basing his doctrines, according to tradition, on the teachings of the 23rd Tirthankara, Parshvanatha, a 9th-century-BC teacher from Banaras (Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh), Mahavira systematized earlier Jaina doctrines--along with metaphysical, mythological, and cosmological beliefs--and also established the rules and guidelines for the monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen of Jaina religious life.

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Mahavira taught that a man can save his soul from the contamination of matter by living a life of extreme asceticism and by practicing nonviolence toward all living creatures. This advocacy of nonviolence encouraged his followers to become strong advocates of vegetarianism, which in the course of time helped to bring about a virtual end to sacrificial killing in Indian rituals. His followers were aided in their quest for salvation by accepting the five mahavratas that have been attributed to Mahavira: renunciation of killing, of speaking untruths, of greed, of sexual pleasure, and of all attachments to living beings and nonliving things. Mahavira's predecessor Parshvanatha preached only four vows. ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸ðµç »ý¸íü¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ºñÆø·ÂÀ» ½ÇõÇϰí öÀúÇÑ ±Ý¿å»ýȰÀ» ÅëÇØ ¹°ÁúÀÇ ¿À¿°À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À» ±¸¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ±×°¡ ºñÆø·ÂÀ» ÁÖÀåÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀº ä½ÄÁÖÀǸ¦ °­·ÂÇÏ°Ô ÁöÁöÇß°í ±×°á°ú Àεµ ÀÇ·Ê¿¡¼­ µ¿¹°À» Á׿©¼­ ¹ÙÄ¡´Â Á¦»ç´Â Â÷Ãû »ç¶óÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀº ±¸¿øÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÒ ¶§ ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó°¡ ¼¼¿ü´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â '5´ë ¼­¿ø' Áï »ý¸íü¸¦ Á×ÀÌÁö ¸» °Í, Áø¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÏÁö ¸» °Í, Ž¿åÀ» ³»Áö ¸» °Í, ¼ºÀû Äè¶ôÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏÁö ¸» °Í, »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡³ª »ì¾Æ ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾ÖÂøÇÏÁö ¸» °ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù. ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó ¹Ù·Î Àü´ëÀÇ Æ¼¸£ÅÁÄ«¶ó¿´´ø ÆÄ¸£½´¹Ù´Â '4´ë ¼­¿ø'¸¸À» °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
Mahavira was given the title Jina, or "Conqueror" (i.e., conqueror of enemies such as attachment and greed), which subsequently became a synonym for Tirthankara. He died, according to tradition, in 527 BC at Pava in Bihar state, leaving a group of followers who established Jainism, which, with its practice of nonviolence, has profoundly influenced Indian culture. (U.P.S./ Ed.) ¾ÖÂøÀ̳ª Ž¿å°ú °°Àº ÀûµéÀÇ Á¤º¹ÀÚ¶ó´Â Àǹ̿¡¼­ Áö³ª(jina)¶ó°íµµ ºÒ·È´ø ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó´Â Àü½Â¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé BC 527³â ºñÇϸ£ ÁÖÀÇ ÆÄ¹Ù¿¡¼­ Á×¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±× µÚ ±×ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀº ºñÆø·ÂÀ» ½ÇõÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ Àεµ ¹®È­¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú°í ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ ¿©·¯ °³Çõ°¡µé¿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Walter Schubring, The Religion of the Jainas (1966), describes some important aspects of Mahavira's personality. Padmanabh S. Jaini, The Jaina Path of Purification (1979), deals with the problem of the chronology and contemporaneity of Buddha and Mahavira. Hermann Jacobi, Jaina Sutras, 2 vol. (1884-95, reprinted 1968), supplies the earliest Jaina accounts of Mahavira. Studies of his life and works include Bimala Churn Law, Mahavira, His Life and Teachings (1937); and K.C. Lalwani, Sramana Bhagavan Mahavira: Life & Doctrine (1975).
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