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Non-Resistant
-- Non-Violence
¹«ÀúÇ× (Ùíî½ù÷)
- ºñÆø·Â (ÞªøìÕô)
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Mahavira
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¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó
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Mahavira
(Sanskrit: "Great Hero"), byname of VARDHAMANA (b. c.
599 BC, Ksatriyakundagrama, India--d. 527, Pavapuri),
last of the 24 Tirthankaras ("Ford-makers"; the saints who founded
Jainism), and the reformer of the Jaina monastic community. The traditions of
the two main Jaina sects record that Mahavira became a monk and
followed an extreme ascetic life, attaining kevala,
the stage of omniscience or highest perception. Teaching a doctrine of
austerity, Mahavira advocated nonviolence, vegetarianism, and the
acceptance of the mahavratas, the five
"great vows" of renunciation. |
¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó (Mahavira).
º»¸íÀº Vardhamana. (»ê½ºÅ©¸®Æ®·Î 'À§´ëÇÑ ¿µ¿õ'À̶ó´Â
¶æ). BC 599 Àεµ Å©»þÆ®¸®¾ÆÄô´Ù±×¶ó¸¶~BC
527 ÆÄ¹ÙǪ¸®.
ÀÚÀ̳ª±³¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å² 24¸íÀÇ Æ¼¸£ÅÁÄ«¶ó(Tirthankara£º¿ÏÀüÈ÷
±ú´ÞÀº ½º½Â) °¡¿îµ¥ ¸¶Áö¸· Àι°, ÀÚÀ̳ª±³ ½Â°¡ÀÇ °³ÇõÀÚ.
ÀÚÀ̳ª±³ÀÇ ¾ç´ë Á¾ÆÄÀÎ ¹éÀÇÆÄ(ÛÜëý÷ï)¿Í °øÀÇÆÄ(Íöëý÷ï)ÀÇ
°øÅëµÈ Àü½Â¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó´Â Ãâ°¡ÇÏ¿© ±ØµµÀÇ
±Ý¿åÀûÀÎ »îÀ» ½ÇõÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÃÖ»óÀÇ ÁöÇý(kevalajñana)¸¦
¾ò¾ú´Ù. ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó´Â ±Ý¿åÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» Æì¸é¼ ºñÆø·Â°ú
ä½ÄÀ» ¿ËÈ£Çß°í, ºÒ»ì»ý¡¤ºÒ¸Á¾î(ÝÕØÍëâ)¡¤ºÒÅõµµ(ÝÕ÷ÞÔ¨)¡¤ºÒ»çÀ½(ÝÕÞ÷ëâ)¡¤¹«¼ÒÀ¯
µî Ãâ°¡ 5°è¸¦ ¾ö¼öÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±ÇÇß´Ù.
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Life
Although it is traditionally accepted
that Mahavira was born about 599 BC, this date is considered by
scholars to be some 40 or more years too early, as he appears to have been a
younger contemporary of the Buddha. The son of a Kshatriya (Ksatriya;
warrior caste) family, he grew up in Ksatriyakundagrama, a
suburb of Vaishali (modern Basarh, Bihar state), the area
of origin of both Jainism and Buddhism. His father was Siddhartha, a
ruler of the Nata, or Jñatr, clan. According to one
Jaina tradition his mother was named Devananda and was a member of the
Brahman (priestly) caste; other traditions name her Trishala,
Videhadinna, or Priyakarini, and place her in the Kshatriya
caste.
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The 6th century BC was a period of great
intellectual, philosophical, religious, and social ferment in India, a period in
which certain members of the Kshatriya caste
opposed the cultural domination of the Brahmans,
who used their positions as members of the highest caste to make demands upon
the lower castes. In particular, there was growing opposition to the large-scale
Vedic sacrifices (yajña), which
involved the killing of many animals. Unnecessary killing had become
objectionable to many thoughtful people of the time, with the spread of the
doctrine of reincarnation, which linked animals and human beings in the same
cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Economic factors may also have encouraged
the growth of the doctrine of nonviolence. The leaders of the anti-Brahman sects
came to be regarded as heretical. Mahavira and his contemporary
Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, were two
of the greatest leaders in this movement. |
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Though the traditions about the life of
Mahavira vary according to the two Jaina sects--the Svetambaras
("White-robed") and the Digambaras ("Sky-clad"; i.e.,
naked)--he apparently was reared in luxury, though as a younger son he could not
inherit the leadership of the clan. At the age of 30, after he had married a
lady of the Kshatriya caste and had a daughter, he renounced the world and
became a monk. According to legend, his parents had died by practicing the rite
of sallekhana--i.e., voluntary
self-starvation. Thus, when Mahavira joined the ascetic order of Parshvanatha,
to which his parents had belonged, self-denial was not foreign to him.
Perhaps beginning as a member of the
order of Parshvanatha, Mahavira used one
garment for more than a year, but subsequently he went about naked and kept no
possessions--not even a bowl for obtaining alms or drinking water. He allowed
insects to crawl on his body and even bite him, bearing the pain with patience.
People frequently shouted at him and hit him because of his uncouth and
unsightly body. He meditated day and night and lived in various
places--workshops, cremation and burial grounds, and at the foot of trees.
Trying to avoid all sinful activity, he especially avoided injuring any kind of
life, thus developing the doctrine of ahimsa, or nonviolence. He kept numerous
fast periods and never ate anything that was expressly prepared for him. Though
he wandered about continuously during most of the year, Mahavira
spent the four months of the rainy season in villages and towns. (see also
ahimsa, or
ahimsa)
During his many wanderings he endured
abusive language and physical injuries, always with patience and equanimity.
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Mahavira's
teachings.
After 12 years of practicing such
austerities, Mahavira attained kevala, the highest stage of perception. The school of Parshvanatha
apparently had been waning in appeal; Mahavira revived and
reorganized Jaina doctrine and its monastic order, thus being credited as the
founder of Jainism. Basing his doctrines, according to tradition, on the
teachings of the 23rd Tirthankara, Parshvanatha,
a 9th-century-BC teacher from Banaras (Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh),
Mahavira systematized earlier Jaina doctrines--along with
metaphysical, mythological, and cosmological beliefs--and also established the
rules and guidelines for the monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen of Jaina
religious life.
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| Mahavira taught that a man
can save his soul from the contamination of matter by living a life of extreme
asceticism and by practicing nonviolence toward all living creatures. This
advocacy of nonviolence encouraged his followers to become strong advocates of
vegetarianism, which in the course of time helped to bring about a virtual end
to sacrificial killing in Indian rituals. His followers were aided in their
quest for salvation by accepting the five mahavratas
that have been attributed to Mahavira: renunciation of killing, of
speaking untruths, of greed, of sexual pleasure, and of all attachments to
living beings and nonliving things. Mahavira's predecessor Parshvanatha
preached only four vows. |
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´ëÇÏ¿© ºñÆø·ÂÀ» ½ÇõÇϰí öÀúÇÑ ±Ý¿å»ýȰÀ» ÅëÇØ
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°¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ±×°¡ ºñÆø·ÂÀ» ÁÖÀåÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×ÀÇ
ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀº ä½ÄÁÖÀǸ¦ °·ÂÇÏ°Ô ÁöÁöÇß°í ±×°á°ú Àεµ
ÀÇ·Ê¿¡¼ µ¿¹°À» Á׿©¼ ¹ÙÄ¡´Â Á¦»ç´Â Â÷Ãû »ç¶óÁö°Ô
µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀº ±¸¿øÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÒ ¶§ ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó°¡ ¼¼¿ü´Ù°í
ÇÏ´Â '5´ë ¼¿ø' Áï »ý¸íü¸¦ Á×ÀÌÁö ¸» °Í, Áø¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °ÍÀ»
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°Í, »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡³ª »ì¾Æ ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾ÖÂøÇÏÁö
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ÆÄ¸£½´¹Ù´Â '4´ë ¼¿ø'¸¸À» °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. |
| Mahavira was given the
title Jina, or "Conqueror" (i.e.,
conqueror of enemies such as attachment and greed), which subsequently
became a synonym for Tirthankara. He died, according to tradition, in 527 BC at
Pava in Bihar state, leaving a group of followers who
established Jainism, which, with its practice of nonviolence, has profoundly
influenced Indian culture. (U.P.S./
Ed.) |
¾ÖÂøÀ̳ª Ž¿å°ú °°Àº ÀûµéÀÇ Á¤º¹ÀÚ¶ó´Â Àǹ̿¡¼ Áö³ª(jina)¶ó°íµµ
ºÒ·È´ø ¸¶ÇϺñ¶ó´Â Àü½Â¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé BC 527³â ºñÇϸ£ ÁÖÀÇ
ÆÄ¹Ù¿¡¼ Á×¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±× µÚ ±×ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀº ºñÆø·ÂÀ»
½ÇõÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °è¼ÓÇØ¼ Àεµ ¹®È¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú°í
¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ ¿©·¯ °³Çõ°¡µé¿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
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BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Walter Schubring, The
Religion of the Jainas (1966), describes some important aspects of Mahavira's
personality. Padmanabh S. Jaini, The Jaina
Path of Purification (1979), deals with the problem of the chronology and
contemporaneity of Buddha and Mahavira. Hermann Jacobi, Jaina
Sutras, 2 vol. (1884-95, reprinted 1968), supplies the earliest Jaina
accounts of Mahavira. Studies of his life and works include Bimala
Churn Law, Mahavira, His Life and Teachings (1937); and K.C. Lalwani, Sramana
Bhagavan Mahavira: Life & Doctrine (1975). |
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