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Non-Resistant
-- Non-Violence
¹«ÀúÇ× (Ùíî½ù÷)
- ºñÆø·Â (ÞªøìÕô)
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Lutuli, Albert
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·çÅø¸®
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Lutuli, Albert (John
Mvumbi), Lutuli also spelled LUTHULI (b. 1898,
Rhodesia--d. July 21, 1967, Stanger, S.Af.), Zulu chief, teacher and religious
leader, and president of the African National Congress
(1952-60) in South Africa. He was the first
African to be awarded a Nobel Prize for Peace (1960), in recognition of his
nonviolent struggle against racial discrimination. (see also
apartheid, race
relations)
Albert John Mvumbi (Zulu:
"Continuous Rain") Lutuli was born in Rhodesia, where his father, John
Bunyan Lutuli, a missionary interpreter, had gone from Zululand. After his
father's death, the 10-year-old Albert returned to South Africa and learned Zulu
traditions and duties in the household of his uncle, the chief of Groutville, a
community associated with an American Congregational mission in Natal's
sugar lands. Educated through his mother's earnings as a washerwoman and by a
scholarship, he was graduated from the American Board Mission's teacher-training
college at Adams, near Durban, and became one of its first three African
instructors. In 1927 Lutuli married Nokukhanya Bhengu, a teacher and
granddaughter of a clan chief.
In 1936 Lutuli left teaching to become
the elected chief of the community of 5,000 at Groutville. Though confronted by
land hunger, poverty, and political voicelessness, he did not yet recognize the
need for political action. In those early years he was, variously, secretary of
the Natal African Teachers' Association and of the South African Football
Association, founder of the Zulu Language and Cultural Society, and member of
the Christian Council Executive, of the Joint Council of Europeans and Africans,
and of the Institute of Race Relations in Durban.
Lutuli's first political step in joining
the African National Congress (ANC) in 1945 was motivated by friendship with its
Natal leader; far more significant was his election to the Natives
Representative Council (an advisory body of chiefs and intellectuals set up by
the government), at the very time in 1946 when troops and police were crushing a
strike of African miners at the cost of eight lives and nearly a thousand
injured. Lutuli immediately joined his people's protest against the council's
futility. When he toured America in 1948 as a guest of the Congregational Board
of Missions, he warned that Christianity faced its severest test in Africa
because of racial discrimination. On his return home he found that the Afrikaner
Nationalists had newly come to power with their policy of apartheid.
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·çÅø¸® (Albert (John Mvumbi)) Lutuli.
Lutuli´Â Luthuli¶ó°íµµ
¾¸.
1898 ·ÎµðÁö¾Æ~1967. 7. 21 ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«
½ºÅʰÅ.
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°øÈ±¹ÀÇ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¹ÎÁ·È¸ÀÇ ÀÇÀå(1952~60).
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At this crucial time, Lutuli was elected
president of the Natal African National Congress. Since its founding in 1912 the
ANC's efforts to achieve human rights by deputation, petition, or mass protests
had met with increasing repression. In 1952, stimulated by young black
intellectuals, the ANC joined the South African Indian Congress in a countrywide
campaign to defy what were deemed unjust laws; 8,500 men and women went
voluntarily to prison. As a result of Lutuli's leadership in Natal, the
government demanded that he resign from the ANC or from chieftainship. He
refused to do either, stating, "the road to freedom is via the cross."
The government deposed him. Not only did he continue to be affectionately
regarded as "chief " but his reputation spread. In that same year,
1952, the ANC elected him president general. Henceforth, between repeated bans
(under the Suppression of Communism Act), he attended gatherings, visited towns,
and toured the country to address mass meetings (despite a serious illness in
1954).
In December 1956 Lutuli and 155 others
were dramatically rounded up and charged with high treason. His long trial
failed to prove treason, a Communist conspiracy, or violence, and in 1957 he was
released. During this time Lutuli's quiet authority and his inspiration to
others profoundly impressed distinguished foreign observers, leading to his
nomination for the Nobel Prize. Nonwhite people responded in large numbers to
his call for a stay-at-home strike in 1957; later, whites also began attending
his mass meetings. In 1959 the government confined him to his rural
neighbourhood and banned him from gatherings--this time for five years--for
"promoting feelings of hostility" between the races.
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In 1960, when police shot down Africans
demonstrating against the pass laws at Sharpeville, Lutuli called for national
mourning, and he himself burned his pass. (Too ill to serve the resulting prison
sentence, he paid a fine.) The government outlawed the ANC and its rival
offshoot, the Pan-Africanist Congress.
In December 1961 Lutuli was allowed to
leave Groutville briefly when, with his wife, he flew to Oslo to receive the
Nobel Prize. His acceptance address paid tribute to his people's nonviolence and
rejection of racialism despite adverse treatment, and he noted how far from
freedom they remained despite their long struggle. A week later, throughout
South Africa, a sabotage group called the Spear of the Nation attacked
installations; the policy of nonviolence had at last been abandoned, and Lutuli,
back in enforced isolation, was an honoured elder statesman, dictating his
autobiography and receiving only those visitors permitted by the police.
On July 21, 1967, as he made a habitual
crossing of a railway bridge near his small farm, Chief Lutuli was struck by a
train and died. (D.M.B.)
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»ç¸ÁÇß´Ù.
D. M. Benson ±Û | ÑÑà»ëñ ¿Å±è
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BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Albert Lutuli, Let
My People Go (1962), a comprehensive autobiography; Mary Benson, Chief
Albert Lutuli of South Africa (1963), a short biography, and South
Africa: Struggle for a Birthright, rev. ed. (1969), Lutuli's life in the
history of the African National Congress; Colin and Margaret Legum, The Bitter Choice: Eight South Africans' Resistance to Tyranny (1968),
contains an essay on Lutuli. |
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