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Erikson, Erik H.,
in full ERIK HOMBURGER ERIKSON (b. June 15, 1902, Frankfurt am Main, Ger.--d.
May 12, 1994, Harwich, Mass., U.S.), German-born American psychoanalyst whose
writings on social psychology, individual identity, and the interactions of
psychology with history, politics, and culture influenced professional
approaches to psychosocial problems and attracted much popular interest.
As a young man, Erikson attended art
school and traveled around Europe. In 1927, when he was invited by the
psychoanalyst Anna Freud to teach art, history,
and geography at a small private school in Vienna, he entered psychoanalysis
with her and underwent training to become a psychoanalyst himself. He became
interested in the treatment of children and published his first paper in 1930,
before completing psychoanalytic training and being elected to the Vienna
Psychoanalytic Institute in 1933. The same year, he emigrated to the United
States, where he practiced child psychoanalysis in Boston and joined the faculty
of the Harvard Medical School. He became interested in studying the way the ego,
or consciousness, operates creatively in sane, well-ordered individuals. (see
also child development)
Erikson left Harvard in 1936 to join the
Institute of Human Relations at Yale. Two years later he began his first studies
of cultural influences on psychological development, working with Sioux Indian
children at the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. These studies, and later
work with the anthropologist Alfred Kroeber among the Yurok Indians of northern
California, eventually contributed to Erikson's theory that all societies
develop institutions to accommodate personality development but that the typical
solutions to similar problems arrived at by different societies are different.
Erikson moved his clinical practice to
San Francisco in 1939 and became professor of psychology at the University of
California, Berkeley, in 1942. During the 1940s he produced the essays that were
collected in Childhood and Society (1950),
the first major exposition of his views on psychosocial development. The
evocative work was edited by his wife, Joan Serson Erikson. Erikson conceived
eight stages of development, each confronting the individual with its own
psychosocial demands, that continued into old age. Personality development,
according to Erikson, takes place through a series of crises that must be
overcome and internalized by the individual in preparation for the next
developmental stage.
Refusing to sign a loyalty oath required
by the University of California in 1950, Erikson resigned his post and that year
joined the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Mass. He then returned to Harvard
as a lecturer and professor (1960-70) and professor emeritus (from 1970 until
his death).
In Young
Man Luther (1958), Erikson combined his interest in history and
psychoanalytic theory to examine how Martin Luther was able to break with the
existing religious establishment to create a new way of looking at the world. Gandhi's
Truth on the Origins of Militant Nonviolence (1969) also was a
psychohistory. In the 1970s Erikson examined modern ethical and political
problems, presenting his views in a collection of essays, Life
History and the Historical Moment (1975), which links psychoanalysis to
history, political science, philosophy, and theology. His later works include The
Life Cycle Completed: A Review (1982) and Vital Involvement in Old Age (1986), written with his wife and Helen
Q. Kivnik. A collection of papers, A Way
of Looking at Things, edited by Stephen Schlein, appeared in 1987.
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