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Non-Resistant -- Non-Violence

¹«ÀúÇ× (Ùíî½ù÷) - ºñÆø·Â (ÞªøìÕô)

Civil Rights Movement

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Civil Rights Movement,

in the United States, mass movement starting in the late 1950s that, through the application of nonviolent protest action, broke the pattern of racially segregated public facilities in the South and achieved the most important breakthrough in equal-rights legislation for blacks since the Reconstruction period (1865-77).

Denied constitutional guarantees (1787) because of their mainly slave status at the founding of the republic, black Americans were first promised fundamental citizenship rights in the 13th-15th constitutional amendments (1865-70; see Reconstruction ). The Civil Rights Act of 1875 required equal accommodations for blacks with whites in public facilities (other than schools), but this legislation was effectively voided by the Supreme Court in 1883. By 1900, 18 states of the North and West had legislated public policies against racial discrimination, but in the South new laws eroded the franchise (see grandfather clause ) and reinforced segregation practices (see Jim Crow Law ), while the U.S. Supreme Court upheld "separate but equal" facilities for the races in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), thus legitimizing the segregation of blacks from whites.

During World War II, progress was made in outlawing discrimination in defense industries (1941) and after the war in desegregating the armed forces (1948). During the late 1940s and early 1950s, lawyers for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) pressed a series of important cases before the Supreme Court in which they argued that segregation meant inherently unequal (and inadequate) educational and other public facilities for blacks. These cases culminated in the Court's landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kan. (May 17, 1954), in which it declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional. This historic decision was to stimulate a mass movement on the part of blacks and white sympathizers to try to end the segregationist practices and racial inequalities that were firmly entrenched across the nation and particularly in the South. The movement was strongly resisted by many whites in the South and elsewhere. (see also  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka)

After a black woman, Rosa Parks , was arrested for refusing to move to the Negro section of a bus in Montgomery, Ala. (Dec. 1, 1955), blacks staged a one-day local boycott of the bus system to protest her arrest. Fusing these protest elements with the historic force of the Negro churches, a local Baptist minister, Martin Luther King, Jr. , succeeded in transforming a spontaneous racial protest into a massive resistance movement, led from 1957 by his Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) . After a protracted boycott of the Montgomery bus company forced it to desegregate its facilities, picketing and boycotting spread rapidly to other communities. During the period from 1955 to 1960, some progress was made toward integrating schools and other public facilities in the upper South and the border states, but the Deep South remained adamant in its opposition to most desegregation measures. (see also  Parks, Rosa, King, Martin Luther, Jr., Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

In 1960 the sit-in movement (largely under the auspices of the newly formed Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; SNCC) was launched at Greensboro, N.C., when black college students insisted on service at a local segregated lunch counter. Patterning its techniques on the nonviolent methods of Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi, the movement spread across the nation, forcing the desegregation of department stores, supermarkets, libraries, and movie theatres. In May 1961 the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) sent "Freedom Riders" of both races through the South and elsewhere to test and break down segregated accommodations in interstate transportation. By September it was estimated that more than 70,000 students had participated in the movement, with approximately 3,600 arrested; more than 100 cities in 20 states had been affected. The movement reached its climax in August 1963 with a massive march on Washington, D.C., to protest racial discrimination and demonstrate support for major civil-rights legislation that was pending in Congress.

The federal government under presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-61) and John F. Kennedy had been reluctant to vigorously enforce the Brown decision when this entailed directly confronting the resistance of Southern whites. In 1961-63 President Kennedy won a following in the black community by encouraging the movement's leaders, but Kennedy's administration lacked the political capacity to persuade Congress to pass new legislation guaranteeing integration and equal rights. After President Kennedy's assassination (November 1963), Congress, under the prodding of President Lyndon B. Johnson, in 1964 passed the Civil Rights Act (q.v.). This was the most far-reaching civil rights bill in the nation's history (indeed, in world history), forbidding discrimination in public accommodations and threatening to withhold federal funds from communities that persisted in maintaining segregated schools. It was followed in 1965 by the passage of the Voting Rights Act, the enforcement of which eradicated the tactics previously used in the South to disenfranchise black voters. This act led to drastic increases in the numbers of black registered voters in the South, with a comparable increase in the numbers of blacks holding elective offices there.

Up until 1966 the Civil Rights Movement had united widely disparate elements in the black community along with their white supporters and sympathizers, but in that year signs of radicalism began to appear in the movement as younger blacks became impatient with the rate of change and dissatisfied with purely nonviolent methods of protest. This new militancy split the ranks of the movement's leaders and also alienated some white sympathizers, a process that was accelerated by a wave of rioting in the black ghettos of several major cities in 1965-67. After the assassination of King (April 1968) and further black rioting in the cities, the movement as a cohesive effort disintegrated, with a broad spectrum of leadership advocating different approaches and varying degrees of militancy.

In the years that followed, many civil rights leaders sought to achieve greater direct political power through elective office, and they sought to achieve more substantive economic and educational gains through affirmative-action programs that compensated for past discrimination in job hiring and college admissions. During the later 1970s and the '80s the civil rights movement was less militant but still persevering.

¹Ì±¹¹Î±Ç¿îµ¿ (Ú¸ÏÐÚÅÏíê¡ÔÑ). Civil Rights Movement. 

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Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ¶§ ¹æÀ§ »ê¾÷üÀÇ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°À» ±ÝÁöÇϰí(1941) ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³­ µÚ¿¡´Â ±º´ëÀÇ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°À» ÆóÁöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á(1948) ¾à°£ÀÇ ÁøÀüÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. 1940³â´ë¸»°ú 1950³â´ëÃÊ Àü±¹ÈæÀÎÁöÀ§Çâ»óÇùȸ(NAACP)¸¦ À§ÇØ ÀÏÇÏ´Â º¯È£»çµéÀº Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ »ç°ÇµéÀ» ´ë¹ý¿ø±îÁö °¡Á®°¡, ÀÎÁ¾°Ý¸®Á¤Ã¥Àº º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ÈæÀο¡°Ô ºÒÆòµîÇÑ ±×¸®°í ºÎÀûÀýÇÑ ±³À° ¹× °ø°ø½Ã¼³À» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³» ´ë¹ý¿øÀº ' ºê¶ó¿î°ú ĵÀÚ½º ÁÖ ÅäÇÇÄ« ±³À°À§¿øÈ¸ »ç°Ç'¿¡¼­ ȹ±âÀûÀÎ °áÁ¤À» ³»·È´Ù(1954. 5. 17). ÀÌ ÆÇ°á¹®¿¡¼­ ´ë¹ý¿øÀº ÈæÀΰú ¹éÀο¡°Ô º°°³ÀÇ ±³À°½Ã¼³À» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒÆòµîÇÏ¸ç µû¶ó¼­ À§ÇåÀ̶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ °áÁ¤Àº ¹Ì±¹ Àü¿ª(ƯÈ÷ ³²ºÎ)¿¡ ±íÀÌ »Ñ¸®¹ÚÇô ÀÖ´Â ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º° °üÇà°ú ÀÎÁ¾ÀÇ ºÒÆòµîÀ» Á¾½Ä½ÃŰ·Á´Â ÈæÀΰú ¹éÀÎ µ¿Á¶ÀÚµéÀÇ ´ëÁ߿À» ÀÚ±ØÇß´Ù. ³²ºÎ¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ ¿©·¯ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¹éÀεéÀº ¹Î±Ç¿îµ¿¿¡ °­·ÂÈ÷ ÀúÇ×Çß´Ù.

¾Ù¶ó¹è¸¶ ÁÖ ¸ù°í¸Þ¸®¿¡ »ç´Â ·ÎÀÚ ÆÄÅ©½º¶ó´Â ÈæÀÎ ¿©¼ºÀÌ ¹ö½º ¾È¿¡¼­ ÈæÀÎ Àü¿ëÄ­À¸·Î ¿Å±â±â¸¦ °ÅºÎÇß´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î üÆ÷µÇÀÚ(1955. 12. 1), ÈæÀεéÀº À̰Ϳ¡ Ç×ÀÇÇØ ÇÏ·ç µ¿¾È ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¹ö½º ÀÌ¿ëÀ» °ÅºÎÇß´Ù. ħ·Ê±³È¸ ¸ñ»çÀÎ ¸¶Æ¾ ·çÅÍ Å·Àº ÀÌ Ç×ÀÇ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé°ú ÈæÀÎ ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀ» ÇÕÇØ, ÀÚ¿¬¹ß»ýÀûÀÎ Ç×ÀǸ¦ °­·ÂÇÑ ÀúÇ׿À¸·Î Å»¹Ù²ÞÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¼º°øÇß´Ù. 1957³âºÎÅÍ´Â ±×ÀÇ ÁÖµµ·Î °á¼ºµÈ ³²ºÎ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÁöµµÀÚȸÀÇ(SCLC)°¡ ÀÌ ÀúÇ׿À» À̲ø±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¸ù°í¸Þ¸®¹ö½ºÈ¸»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÅºÎ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ¿À·¡ °è¼ÓµÇÀÚ ¹ö½º ȸ»çµéÀº ¹ö½ºÀÇ ¹éÀÎ Àü¿ëÄ­°ú ÈæÀÎ Àü¿ëÄ­À» ÆóÁöÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú°í, ±×¶§ºÎÅÍ Ç×ÀǽÃÀ§¿Í °ÅºÎ¿îµ¿Àº ´Ù¸¥ °øµ¿Ã¼·Î ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ÆÛÁ®°¬´Ù. 1955~60³â ³²ºÎÀÇ ºÏÂÊ Áö¿ª ¹× °æ°èÁÖ¿¡¼­´Â Çб³¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ °ø°ø½Ã¼³¿¡¼­ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°À» ¾ø¾Ö´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¾à°£ÀÇ ÁøÀüÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³Áö¸¸, ³²ºÎÀÇ ³²ÂÊ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º° ÆóÁöÁ¶Ä¡¿¡ ´ÜÈ£È÷ ¹Ý´ëÇß´Ù.

1960³â ³ë½ºÄ³·Ñ¶óÀ̳ª ÁÖ ±×¸°Áî¹ö·¯¿¡¼­ »õ·Î °á¼ºµÈ ÇлýºñÆø·ÂÇù·ÂÀ§¿øÈ¸(SNCC)°¡ ÁÖµµÇÏ´Â ¿¬Á³󼺿ÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿îµ¿¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ ÈæÀÎ ´ëÇлýµéÀº ±× Áö¿ªÀÇ ¹éÀÎ Àü¿ë ½Ä´ç¿¡ °¡¼­ ¼Õ´ÔµéÀÇ ½ÃÁßÀ» µé°Ú´Ù°í °íÁýÀ» ºÎ¸®¸ç ¿¬Á³ó¼ºÀ» ¹ú¿´´Ù. ÀεµÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚ ¸ðÇÑ´Ù½º °£µðÀÇ ºñÆø·Â ¹æ½ÄÀ» º»¶á ÀÌ ¿îµ¿Àº ¹Ì±¹ Àü¿ªÀ¸·Î È®»êµÇ¾î, ¹éÈ­Á¡°ú ½´ÆÛ¸¶ÄÏ ¹× µµ¼­°ü°ú ±ØÀåµéÀº °á±¹ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°À» ÆóÁöÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. 1961³â 5¿ù ÀÎÁ¾ÆòµîȸÀÇ(CORE)´Â ÈæÀΰú ¹éÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø 'ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ±â»çµé'À» ³²ºÎ ¹× ±×¹ÛÀÇ ¸ðµç Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ÆÄ°ßÇØ Àå°Å¸® ±³Åë¼ö´ÜÀÇ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º° ½ÇŸ¦ Á¡°ËÇÏ°í ±× °üÇàÀ» ±ú¶ß¸®°Ô Çß´Ù. 9¿ù±îÁö´Â 7¸¸ ¸íÀÌ ³Ñ´Â ÇлýµéÀÌ ÀÌ ¿îµ¿¿¡ Âü¿©Çß°í, ±×Áß¿¡¼­ ¾à 3,600¸íÀÌ Ã¼Æ÷µÇ¾ú´Ù. 20°³ ÁÖÀÇ 100°³°¡ ³Ñ´Â µµ½ÃµéÀÌ ÀÌ ¿îµ¿¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ ¿îµ¿Àº 1963³â 8¿ù ¿ö½ÌÅÏ D.C.¿¡¼­ ¹ú¾îÁø ´ë±Ô¸ð ÇàÁøÀ¸·Î ÀýÁ¤¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ½ÃÀ§´ë´Â ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°¿¡ Ç×ÀÇÇϰí ÀÇȸ¿¡ °è·ùµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ¹Î±Ç ¹ý¾ÈÀ» ÁöÁöÇß´Ù.

D.D. ¾ÆÀÌÁ¨ÇÏ¿ö ´ëÅë·É(1953~61)°ú J.F. Äɳ׵ð ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ À̲ô´Â ¿¬¹æ Á¤ºÎ´Â ³²ºÎ ¹éÀεéÀÇ ÀúÇ×À» µÎ·Á¿öÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö ´ë¹ý¿øÀÇ 'ºê¶ó¿î ÆÇ°á'À» ³²ºÎ¿¡ °­Á¦·Î Àû¿ëÇϱ⸦ ¸Á¼³¿©¿Ô´Ù. 1961~63³â Äɳ׵ð ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ¹Î±Ç¿îµ¿ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀ» °Ý·ÁÇØ ÈæÀÎ µ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ÁöÁö¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÒÁö¸¸, Äɳ׵ð ÇàÁ¤ºÎ´Â ÀÇȸ¸¦ ¼³µæÇØ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º° öÆó¿Í Æòµî±ÇÀ» º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î ¹ý·üÀ» Åë°ú½Ãų ¸¸ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡·ÂÀ» °®°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. Äɳ׵ð ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ ¾Ï»ì´çÇÑ µÚ(1963. 11), ÀÇȸ´Â 1964³â ¸°µç B. Á¸½¼ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ °­·ÂÇÑ ¿ä±¸¿¡ µû¶ó ¹Î±Ç¹ýÀ» Åë°ú½ÃÄ×´Ù. °ø°ø½Ã¼³ÀÇ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°À» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º° Çб³¸¦ °è¼Ó À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °øµ¿Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¿¬¹æÁغñÀºÇàÀÇ ÀÚ±Ý Áö¿øÀ» º¸·ùÇϰڴٰí À§ÇùÇÑ ÀÌ ¹ý·üÀº ¹Ì±¹ ¿ª»ç»ó °¡Àå ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¹Î±Ç¹ýºÎ¿¡¼­´Â µî·ÏµÈ ÈæÀÎ À¯±ÇÀÚ¼ö°¡ ±Þ°ÝÈ÷ ´Ã¾î³µ°í, ±×¿¡ µû¶ó °øÁ÷¿¡ Ãâ¸¶ÇØ ´ç¼±µÇ´Â ÈæÀÎÀÇ ¼öµµ »ó´çÈ÷ ´Ã¾î³µ´Ù.

1966³â±îÁö ¹Î±Ç¿îµ¿Àº ¹éÀÎ ÁöÁöÀÚ ¹× µ¿Á¶ÀÚµé°ú ÈæÀÎ °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» Çϳª·Î ÅëÇÕÇßÁö¸¸, 1966³â ÀÌÈÄ ÀþÀº ÈæÀεéÀÌ ³Ê¹« ´À¸° º¯È­¿¡ ÂüÀ»¼ºÀ» ÀÒ°í ¿À·ÎÁö ºñÆø·Â¿¡¸¸ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â Ç×Àǹæ¹ý¿¡ ºÒ¸¸À» ǰ°Ô µÇÀÚ, ¹Î±Ç¿îµ¿¿¡ ±ÞÁøÁÖÀÇÀÇ Á¶ÁüÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ÅõÀZÀº ¹Î±Ç¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÁöµµÃþÀ» ºÐ¿­½ÃÄ×°í, ÀϺΠ¹éÀÎ µ¿Á¶Àڵ鵵 ¹Î±Ç¿îµ¿¿¡ µîÀ» µ¹·È´Ù. 1965~67³â ¸î¸î ´ëµµ½ÃÀÇ ÈæÀÎ °ÅÁÖÁö¿ª¿¡¼­ Æøµ¿ÀÌ ÀϾÀÚ ¿îµ¿¿¡¼­ ÀÌÅ»ÇÏ´Â ¹éÀεéÀÌ ´õ¿í ´Ã¾î³µ´Ù. Å· ¸ñ»ç°¡ ¾Ï»ìµÇ°í(1968. 4) µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ ÈæÀÎ Æøµ¿ÀÌ °è¼ÓµÈ µÚ, ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ Á¢±Ù¹æ½Ä°ú ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÅõÀï¹æ¹ýÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â ÁöµµÃþÀÇ ºÐ¿­·Î ±×¶§±îÁö ÀÀÁý·ÂÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´ø ¹Î±Ç¿îµ¿Àº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ºØ±«µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×ÈÄ ¸î ³â µ¿¾È ¸¹Àº ¹Î±Ç ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº °øÁ÷¿¡ Ãâ¸¶ÇØ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡±Ç·ÂÀ» ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ¾òÀ¸·Á°í ¾Ö½è°í, °í¿ë°ú ´ëÇÐ ÀÔÇп¡¼­ ÈæÀÎÀÌ ¹Þ¾Ò´ø Â÷º°´ë¿ì¸¦ º¸»óÇØÁÖ´Â Àû±ØÀûÀÎ ÇൿÀ» ÅëÇØ Á»´õ ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ °æÁ¦Àû ÀÌÀͰú ±³À° ÇýÅÃÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸·Á°í ¾Ö½è´Ù. 1970³â´ë ¸»°ú 1980³â´ë¿¡ µé¾î¼­¸é¼­ ¹Î±Ç¿îµ¿ÀÇ È£Àü¼ºÀº ÁÙ¾îµé¾úÁö¸¸, ¿îµ¿Àº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ²ö±âÀÖ°Ô °è¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

sit-in

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a tactic of nonviolent civil disobedience. The demonstrators enter a business or a public place and remain seated until forcibly evicted or until their grievances are answered. Attempts to terminate the essentially passive sit-in often appear brutal, thus arousing sympathy for the demonstrators among moderates and noninvolved individuals. Following Mahatma Gandhi's teaching, Indians employed the sit-in to great advantage during their struggle for independence from the British. Later, the sit-in was adopted as a major tactic in the civil-rights struggle of American blacks; the first prominent sit-in occurred at a Greensboro (North Carolina) lunch counter in 1960. Student activists adopted the tactic later in the decade in demonstrations against the Vietnam War.

A tactic similar to the sit-in, the sit-down, has been used by unions to occupy plants of companies that were being struck. The sit-down was first used on a large scale in the United States during the United Automobile Workers' strike against the General Motors Corporation in 1937. See also civil disobedience . (see also sit-down strike)

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