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Non-Resistant
-- Non-Violence
¹«ÀúÇ× (Ùíî½ù÷)
- ºñÆø·Â (ÞªøìÕô)
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Ashoka
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¾Æ¼ÒÄ«
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Ashoka,
also spelled ASHOKA (d. 238? BC, India), last major emperor in the Mauryan
dynasty of India. His vigorous patronage of Buddhism
during his reign (c. 265-238 BC; also
given as c. 273-232 BC) furthered the
expansion of that religion throughout India. Following his successful but bloody
conquest of the Kalinga country on the east
coast, Ashoka renounced armed conquest and adopted a policy that he
called "conquest by dharma (principles of
right life)." (see also Mauryan
empire)
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¾Æ¼ÒÄ« (Asoka).
Ashoka¶ó°íµµ ¾¸. ?~BC 238(?) Àεµ.
Àεµ ¸¶°¡´Ù ±¹ÀÇ Á¦3¿ÕÁ¶ÀÎ ¸¶¿ì¸®¾Æ ¿ÕÁ¶ÀÇ Á¦3´ë
¿ÕÀ¸·Î Àεµ»ç»ó ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÅëÀϱ¹°¡¸¦ ÀÌ·é¿Õ(BC 265°æ~238 ÀçÀ§,
BC 273°æ~232 ÀçÀ§¼³µµ ÀÖÀ½).
ÇÑÀÚ ¹®È±Ç¿¡¼´Â ¾ÆÀ°¿Õ(ä¹ëÀèÝ)À¸·Î Ç¥±âÇÑ´Ù. Ä¡¼¼
µ¿¾È ºÒ±³ Àå·ÁÃ¥À» °·ÂÇÏ°Ô ÃßÁøÇÏ¿© Àεµ Àü¿ª¿¡ ºÒ±³°¡
ÀüÆÄµÇµµ·Ï Çß´Ù. µ¿ºÎ ÇØ¾ÈÀÇ Ä®¸µ°¡±¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇǺñ¸°³»
³ª´Â Á¤º¹Àü¿¡¼ ½Â¸®ÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ ¹«·Â Á¤º¹À» Æ÷±âÇÏ°í ±× ´ë½Å
ºñÆø·Â°ú »çȸ À±¸®¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÐ ' ´Ù¸£¸¶(dharma£º¿Ã¹Ù¸¥
»îÀÇ ¿ø¸®)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¤º¹'À̶õ Á¤Ã¥À» Æñ´Ù.
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| In order to gain wide publicity for his
teachings and his work, Ashoka made them known by means of oral
announcements and also engraved them on rocks and pillars at suitable sites.
These inscriptions -- the Rock Edicts and Pillar
Edicts (e.g., the lion capital of the
pillar found at Sarnath, which has become India's national emblem)--mostly dated
in various years of his reign, contain statements regarding his thoughts and
actions and provide information on his life and acts. There is such a ring of
frankness and sincerity in the utterances of Ashoka that they appear to
be true. |
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú
»ç¾÷À» ³Î¸® ¾Ë¸®±â À§ÇØ ¾Æ¼ÒÄ«´Â ±¸µÎ Æ÷°í»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
¸¶¾Ö(بäð)¿Í ¼®ÁÖ(à´ñº)¿¡ ±×°ÍÀ» »õ°Ü ÀûÀýÇÑ Àå¼Ò¿¡
¼¼¿öµÎ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ½è´Ù. »ç¸£³ªÆ®¿¡¼ ¹ß±¼µÈ ¼®ÁÖ ÁÖµÎ(ñºÔé)ÀÇ
»çÀÚ»óÀº ÇöÀç ÀεµÀÇ ±¹Àå(ÏÐíñ)ÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹ÙÀ§ Á¶Ä¢(ðßöÏ),
¼®ÁÖ Á¶Ä¢À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ÀÌµé ¸í¹®(Ù¯Ùþ)Àº ´ëºÎºÐ ¾Æ¼ÒÄ«
Ä¡¼¼ µ¿¾È ÀÏ¾î³ ¿©·¯ »ç°ÇÀÌ ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í ±×ÀÇ »ç»ó°ú
Ȱµ¿ÀÌ ¼¼úµÇ¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ¾Æ¼ÒÄ«ÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í
¾÷ÀûÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
| According to his own accounts, Ashoka
conquered the Kalinga country (modern Orissa state) in the eighth year of
his reign. The sufferings that the war inflicted on the defeated people moved
him to such remorse that he renounced armed conquests. It was at this time that
he came in touch with Buddhism and adopted it. Under its influence and prompted
by his own dynamic temperament, he resolved to live according to, and preach,
the dharma and to serve his subjects and all humanity. |
¾Æ¼ÒÄ« ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼³¸í¿¡ µû¸£ÀÚ¸é ±×´Â ÁïÀ§ÇÑ Áö 8³â°
µÇ´ø ÇØ¿¡ Ä®¸µ°¡±¹(Áö±ÝÀÇ ¿À¸®»ç ÁÖ)À» Á¤º¹Çß´Ù.
ÀüÀïÀ¸·Î ÆÐÀü±¹ÀÇ ¹é¼ºÀÌ °Þ´Â °íÅëÀ» º» ±×´Â ¾ç½ÉÀÇ
°¡Ã¥À» ´À²¸ ¹«·Â Á¤º¹À» Æ÷±âÇß´Ù. ±×°¡ ºÒ±³¸¦ Á¢Çϰí
¹Ï°Ô µÈ °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î À̶§¿´´Ù. ºÒ±³ÀÇ ¿µÇâ°ú ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
ÃßÁø·ÂÀÖ´Â ¼º°Ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾Æ¼ÒÄ«´Â ´Ù¸£¸¶¿¡ µû¶ó »ì¸ç ÀÚ±â
¹é¼º°ú ¸ðµç Àηù¿¡°Ô ºÀ»çÇϱâ·Î °á½ÉÇß´Ù. |
| By dharma, as Ashoka repeatedly
declared, he understood the energetic practice of the sociomoral virtues of
honesty, truthfulness, compassion, mercifulness, benevolence, nonviolence,
considerate behaviour toward all, "little sin and many good deeds,"
nonextravagance, nonacquisitiveness, and noninjury to animals. He spoke of no
particular mode of religious creed or worship, nor of any philosophical
doctrines. He spoke of Buddhism only to his coreligionists and not to others. |
¾Æ¼ÒÄ«°¡
¹Ýº¹Çؼ ¹àÈù °Íó·³ ±×´Â ´Ù¸£¸¶¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ Á¤Á÷, Áø½Ç¼º,
µ¿Á¤½É, ÀÚºñ, ÀÚ¼±, ºñÆø·Â, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÀÎÁ¤ÀÖ´Â Çൿ, 'ÁË ÁþÁö ¾Ê°í ¼±ÇàÀ» ½×´Â ÀÏ', °Ë¾à, ¹«Å½¿å,
ºÒ»ì»ý µî°ú °°Àº »çȸÀû¡¤µµ´öÀû ´ö¸ñµéÀÇ Ã¶ÀúÇÑ ½ÇõÀ»
ÀÌÇØÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ƯÁ¤ Á¾±³ ±³¸®³ª ¼þ¹è ¾ç½Ä, ±×¸®°í
¾î¶°ÇÑ ÁÖÀåµµ ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °°Àº ½Åµµ³¢¸®¸¸ ºÒ±³¿¡
´ëÇØ ¸»ÇßÀ» »Ó ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô´Â ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¸ðµç Á¾ÆÄ¿¡
´ëÇØ °¢±âÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ µû¶ó »ì ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦
º¸ÀåÇϰí Á¸ÁßÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ¿Í ¾Æ¿ï·¯ ±×µé¿¡°Ô '³»¸éÀÇ
°¡Ä¡¸¦ ÇÔ¾çÇÏ´Â µ¥' ½º½º·Î ³ë·ÂÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù. ³ª¾Æ°¡
´Ù¸¥ Á¾ÆÄÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶¸¦ Á¸°æÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÇ ÁÁÀº Á¡À» ĪÂùÇϵµ·Ï
±Ç°íÇßÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ À̵éÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀûÀǸ¦ ǰÀº ºñÆÇÀ»
ÇÏÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï Çß´Ù. |
| Toward all religious sects he adopted a
policy of respect and guaranteed them full freedom to live according to their
own principles, but he also urged them to exert themselves for the
"increase of their inner worthiness." He, moreover, exhorted them to
respect the creeds of others, praise the good points of others, and refrain from
vehement adverse criticism of the viewpoints of others. |
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| To practice the dharma actively Ashoka
went out on periodic tours preaching the dharma to the rural people and
relieving their sufferings; he ordered his high officials to do the same, in
addition to attending to their normal duties; he exhorted administrative
officers to be constantly aware of the joys and sorrows of the common folk and
to be prompt and impartial in dispensing justice. A special class of high
officers, designated "dharma ministers," was appointed to foster
dharma work by the public, relieve sufferings wherever found, and look to the
special needs of women, of people inhabiting outlying regions, of neighbouring
peoples, and of various religious communities. It was ordered that matters
concerning public welfare were to be reported to him at all times. The only
glory he sought, he said, was for having led his people along the path of dharma.
No doubts are left in the minds of readers of his inscriptions regarding his
earnest zeal for serving his subjects. More success was attained in his work, he
says, by reasoning with people than by issuing commands. |
´Ù¸£¸¶¸¦ Àû±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇõÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¾Æ¼ÒÄ«´Â ³óÃÌÀÇ
¹é¼ºµéÀ» ÁÖ±âÀûÀ¸·Î ã¾Æ°¡¼ ´Ù¸£¸¶¸¦ ¼³ÆÄÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÇ
°íÅëÀ» ±¸Á¦ÇÏ·Á°í Çß´Ù. °í°üµé¿¡°Ôµµ ±×µéÀÇ Á÷Ã¥»ó ¾÷¹«
¿Ü¿¡ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀϵéÀ» Çϵµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÇß´Ù. ¾Æ¼ÒÄ«´Â
°ü¸®µé¿¡°Ô ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ÀÏ¹Ý ¹é¼ºµéÀÇ ÁÁÀº Àϰú ³ª»Û ÀÏÀ»
»ìÆìº¸°í ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°í °øÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô Á¤ÀǸ¦ ÇàÇ϶ó°í ±Ç°íÇß´Ù. '´Ù¸£¸¶ÀÇ
»çÀý(ÞÅï½)'À̶ó´Â °íÀ§ °ü¸®µéÀ» Ưº°È÷ ÀÓ¸íÇÏ¿©
¹é¼ºµé¿¡°Ô ´Ù¸£¸¶ »ç¾÷À» Àå·ÁÇÏ°í ¾îµð¼³ª ´«¿¡ º¸ÀÌ´Â
¹é¼ºµéÀÇ ¸ðµç °íÅëÀ» ±¸Á¦ÇØÁÖ¸ç ¿©ÀÚ, º¯°æÁö¿ªÀÇ ÁÖ¹Î,
ÀÎÁ¢ÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·µé, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾±³ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ °íÀ¯ÇÑ
¿ä±¸µéÀ» º¸»ìÇǵµ·Ï Çß´Ù. °ø°øº¹Áö¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹®Á¦µéÀº
¾ðÁ¦µçÁö ±×¿¡°Ô º¸°íÇϵµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»Çϱ⸦
ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿µ±¤Àº ´Ù¸£¸¶ÀÇ ±æ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÚ±â
¹é¼ºÀ» ÀεµÇÏ´Â °Í»ÓÀ̶ó°í Çß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ºñ¹®À» ÀÐÀº
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¹é¼ºÀ» À§ÇÏ·Á´Â ±×ÀÇ ÁøÁöÇÑ ¿Á¤¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾î¶°ÇÑ
Àǽɵµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡¼´Â ¸í·Éº¸´Ù´Â
¹é¼ºµéÀ» ¼³µæÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ´õ¿í Å« ¼º°øÀ» °ÅµÑ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í
¾Æ¼ÒÄ«´Â ¸»Çß´Ù. |
| Among his works of public utility were
the founding of hospitals for men and animals and the supplying of medicines;
and the planting of roadside trees and groves, digging of wells, and
construction of watering sheds and resthouses. Orders were also issued for
curbing public laxities and preventing cruelty to animals. With the death of Ashoka
the Maurya Empire disintegrated and his work was discontinued. His memory
survives for what he attempted to achieve and the high ideals he held before
himself. |
°ø°ø»ç¾÷µµ ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ú¿© º´¿ø°ú °¡Ãິ¿øÀ» ¼¼¿ì°í,
ÀǾàǰÀ» °ø±ÞÇßÀ¸¸ç, °¡·Î¼ö¿Í °ú¼ö¸¦ ½É°í ¿ì¹°À» ÆÄ°í
ºÐ¼ö¿Í ÈÞ°Ô¼Ò¸¦ ¼¼¿ü´Ù. ¹é¼ºÀÌ ÇØÀÌÇØÁö´Â °Í°ú
µ¿¹°Çд븦 ¸·±â À§ÇØ ¹ý·ÉÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ¼ÒÄ«ÀÇ Á×À½°ú
ÇÔ²² ¸¶¿ì¸®¾Æ Á¦±¹Àº ºÐ¿µÇ°í ±×ÀÇ »ç¾÷Àº ÁߴܵǾú´Ù.
±×°¡ ¼ºÃëÇÏ·Á´ø ¸ñÇ¥¿Í ±×°¡ ǰ¾ú´ø ³ôÀº ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
¾Æ¼ÒÄ«´Â Áö±Ý±îÁöµµ ±â¾ïµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
| Most enduring were Ashoka's
services to Buddhism. He built a number of stupas
(commemorative burial mounds) and monasteries and erected pillars on which he
ordered inscribed his understanding of religious doctrines. He took strong
measures to suppress schisms within the order (the Buddhist religious community)
and prescribed a course of scriptural studies for adherents. Tradition recorded
in the Ceylonese chronicle Mahavamsa says that, when the church decided to send preaching
missions abroad, Ashoka helped them enthusiastically and sent his own son
and daughter as missionares to Ceylon. It is as a result of Ashoka's
patronage that Buddhism, which until then was a small sect confined only to
particular localities, spread throughout India and subsequently beyond the
frontiers of the country. |
ºÒ±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Æ¼ÒÄ«ÀÇ °øÇåÀº ´õ¿í ¿µ¼ÓÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ¼ö¸¹Àº
ž°ú »ç¿ø, ±×¸®°í Á¾±³Àû ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü»óµéÀ» »õ°Ü³õÀº
¸¹Àº ¼®ÁÖµéÀ» ¼¼¿ü´Ù. Àü¼³¿¡ µû¸£¸é ±×°¡ ¼¼¿î ºÒžÀº 8¸¸
4,000±âÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ±³´Ü(ºÒ±³ÀÇ Á¾±³ °øµ¿Ã¼)ÀÇ ºÐ¿À»
¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °·ÂÇÑ Á¤Ã¥À» ½è°í ½ÅµµµéÀÇ °æÀü ÇнÀ°úÁ¤À»
Á¤Çß´Ù. ½Ç·ÐÀÇ ¿¬´ë±âÀÎ ¡´¸¶ÇϹã»ç Mah va sa¡µ¿¡
±â·ÏµÈ Àü½Â¿¡ µû¸£¸é ±³´Ü¿¡¼ ÇØ¿Ü·Î Æ÷±³´ÜÀ»
ÆÄ°ßÇϱâ·Î °áÁ¤ÇÏÀÚ ¾Æ¼ÒÄ«´Â À̸¦ ¿·ÄÈ÷ ¿øÁ¶Çß°í
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æµé°ú µþÀ» ½Ç·ÐÀÇ Æ÷±³»ç·Î º¸³Â´Ù. ´ç½Ã±îÁö¸¸
ÇØµµ ƯÁ¤ Áö¿ª¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ¼Ò±Ô¸ð Á¾ÆÄ¿¡ ºÒ°úÇß´ø ºÒ±³°¡
Àεµ Àü¿ª¿¡ ÆÛÁö°í °ð ±¹°æÀ» ³Ñ¾î ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶ó¿¡±îÁö ÀüÆÄµÈ
°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ¾Æ¼ÒÄ«ÀÇ ÈÄ¿ø ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. |
| A sample quotation that illustrates the
spirit that guided Ashoka is: "All men are my children. As for my
own children I desire that they may be provided with all the welfare and
happiness of this world and of the next, so do I desire for all men as
well." (A.Se.) |
¾Æ¼ÒÄ«¸¦ À̲ø¾ú´ø
Á¤½ÅÀ» Àß º¸¿©ÁØ ¿¹¹®À» Çϳª µé¾îº»´Ù. "¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº
³ªÀÇ ÀڽĵéÀÌ´Ù. ³»°¡ ³» ¾ÆÀ̵鿡°Ô ÀÌ ¼¼»ó°ú Àú ¼¼»óÀÇ
¸ðµç Çູ°ú °Ç°À» °¡Á®´ÙÁÖ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î
³ª´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ôµµ ¶È°°ÀÌ ÇØÁÖ°í ½Í´Ù."
A. Sen ±Û
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BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Amulyachandra Sen (ed.), Asoka's
Edicts (1956), deals with all aspects of Ashoka's life and work on
the basis of archaeological and literary materials. D.R. Bhandarkar, Asoka,
3rd ed. (1955); and R.K. Mookergee, Asoka,
3rd ed. (1962), are studies based on historical materials.
Àεµ»ç°³¼³ : ¹Ú¼®ÀÏ,
Á¤À½»ç, 1992
Àεµ»ç(¼¼°è°¢±¹»ç 17) :
Á¤º´Á¶, ´ëÇѱ³°ú¼ÁÖ½Äȸ»ç, 1991
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