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ahimsa,
Sanskrit AHIMSA ("noninjury"), the fundamental ethical
virtue of the Jains of India, highly respected throughout the centuries by
Hindus and Buddhists as well. In modern times, Mahatma
Gandhi, the famous spiritual and political leader, developed his theory
of passive resistance as a means of bringing about political change on the
principle of ahimsa. (see also ahimsa, or
ahimsa)
In Jainism, ahimsa is the standard by which all
actions are judged. For a householder observing the small vows (anuvrata),
the practice of ahimsa requires that he not kill any animal life, but for
an ascetic observing the great vows (mahavrata),
ahimsa entails the greatest care to prevent him from knowingly or
unknowingly being the cause of injury to any living substance. Living matter
(jiva) includes not only human beings and animals but insects, plants, and atoms
as well, and the same law governs the entire cosmos. The interruption of another
jiva's spiritual progress increases one's own karma
and delays one's liberation from the cycle of rebirths. Many common Jainist
practices, such as not eating or drinking after dark or the wearing of cloth
mouth covers (mukhavastrika) by monks, are based on the principle of ahimsa.
Though the Hindus and Buddhists never required so strict
an observance of ahimsa as the Jains, vegetarianism and tolerance toward
all forms of life became widespread in India. The Buddhist emperor Ashoka
in his inscriptions of the 3rd century BC stressed the sanctity of animal life. Ahimsa
is one of the first disciplines learned by the student of yoga and is
required to be mastered in the preparatory stage (yama), the first of the
eight stages that lead to perfect concentration. In the early 20th century
Gandhi extended ahimsa into the political sphere as satyagraha,
nonviolent resistance to a specific evil.
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