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Tilak, Bal Gangadhar
(b. July 23, 1856, Ratnagiri, India--d. Aug. 1, 1920, Bombay), scholar,
mathematician, philosopher, and militant nationalist who helped lay the
foundation for India's independence. He founded (1914) and served as president
of the Indian Home Rule League and, in 1916, concluded the Lucknow Pact with
Mohammed Ali Jinnah, which provided for Hindu-Muslim unity in the struggle for
independence.
Tilak was born into a cultured,
middle-class, Brahman family. After taking his university degree, Tilak studied
law but then decided to teach mathematics in a private school in Pune (Poona),
which was to become the centre of his political career. He developed the school
into a university college after founding the Deccan Education Society (1884),
which aimed at educating the masses, especially in the English language. He then
turned to the task of awakening the political consciousness of the people
through two weekly newspapers: Kesari ("The
Lion"), published in Marathi, and The Mahratta, published in English. Through these newspapers Tilak
became widely known for his bitter criticisms of British rule and also of those
moderate nationalists who advocated social reforms along Western lines and
political reforms along constitutional lines. He thought that social reform
would only divert energy away from the political struggle for independence.
Tilak sought to widen the popularity of
the nationalist movement (which at that time was largely confined to the upper
classes) by introducing Hindu religious symbolism and by invoking popular
traditions of the Maratha struggle against Muslim rule. He thus
organized two important festivals, Ganesh, in 1893, and Shivaji, in 1895. Ganesha
(Ganesh) is the elephant-headed god worshiped by all Hindus; Shivaji
(Shivaji), the first Hindu hero to fight against Muslim power in India, was the
founder of the Maratha state, which in the course of time
overthrew Muslim power in India. But, though this symbolism made the nationalist
movement more popular, it also made it more communal and thus alarmed the
Muslims.
Tilak's activities soon brought him into
conflict with the British government, which prosecuted him for sedition and sent
him to jail in 1897. The trial and sentence earned him the title Lokamanya
("Beloved Leader of the People"). When Lord Curzon, viceroy of India,
partitioned Bengal in 1905, Tilak strongly supported the Bengali demand for the
annulment of the partition and advocated a boycott of British goods that soon
became a movement sweeping the nation. The following year he set forth a program
of passive resistance, known as the Tenets of the New Party, that he hoped would
destroy the hypnotic influence of British rule and prepare the people for
sacrifice in order to gain independence. These forms of political action
initiated by Tilak--the boycotting of goods and passive
resistance--were later
adopted by Mohandas K. Gandhi in his program of
nonviolent noncooperation with the British.
Tilak's approach was strong fare for the
moderate party in the National Indian Congress, which believed in making
"loyal" representations to the government for small reforms. Tilak
aimed at Swarajya (Independence), not piecemeal reforms, and attempted to
persuade the Congress to adopt his militant program. On this issue, he clashed
with the moderates at the Surat session of the Congress in 1907. Taking
advantage of the split in the nationalist forces, the government again
prosecuted Tilak on a charge of sedition and inciting terrorism and deported him
to Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar), to serve a sentence of six years' imprisonment. In
Mandalay jail, Tilak settled down to write his magnum opus, the Bhagawadgita-Rahasya
("Secret of the Bhagavadgita"),
an original exposition of the most sacred book of the Hindus. Tilak discarded
the orthodox interpretation that the Bhagavadgita
taught the ideal of renunciation; in his view it taught selfless service to
humanity.
On his release in 1914, on the eve of
World War I, he once more plunged into politics and launched the Home Rule
League with the rousing slogan "Swarajya is my birthright and I will have
it." In 1916 he rejoined the Congress and signed the historic Lucknow
Pact, a Hindu-Muslim accord, with Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the future founder
of Pakistan. Tilak visited England in 1918 as president of the Indian Home Rule
League. He realized that the Labour Party was a growing force in British
politics, and he established firm relationships with its leaders; his foresight
was justified: it was a Labour government that granted independence to India in
1947. Tilak was one of the first to maintain that Indians should cease to
cooperate with foreign rule, but he always denied that he had ever encouraged
the use of violence.
By the time Tilak returned home in 1919
to attend the meeting of the Congress at Amritsar, he had mellowed sufficiently
to oppose Gandhi's policy of boycotting the elections to the legislative
councils established as part of the Montagu-Chelmsford
reforms. Instead, Tikal advised the delegates to follow his policy of
"responsive cooperation" in carrying out the reforms, which introduced
a certain degree of Indian participation in regional government. But he died
before he could give the new reforms a decisive direction. In their tributes,
Mahatma Gandhi called him "the Maker of Modern India" and Jawaharlal
Nehru, "the Father of the Indian Revolution."
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The first authoritative biography in
English published outside India is D.V. Thamankar, Lokamanya Tilak (1956); S.L. Karandikar, Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak: The Hercules and Prometheus of Modern
India (1957), is a chronological treatment.
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Æ¿¶óÅ© (Bal Gangadhar Tilak). 1856. 7. 23 Àεµ ¶óÆ®³ª±â¸®~1920. 8.
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