|
satyagraha
(Hindi: "truth force"), philosophy introduced in the 20th century by Mahatma
Gandhi of India; in practice, it is manifested as a determined but
nonviolent resistance to some specific evil. Satyagraha
was the guiding philosophy for the Indian people in their fight against British
imperialism and has been adopted by protest groups in other countries.
Satyagraha
may be translated from Hindi as "the devotion to truth," or as
"truth force." A satyagrahi--a
person practicing satyagraha--achieves
correct insight into the real nature of an evil situation by observing a
nonviolence of the mind, by seeking truth in a spirit of peace and love. In so
doing, the satyagrahi encounters truth
in the absolute. By his refusal to submit to the wrong or to cooperate with it
in any way, the satyagrahi asserts
this truth. Throughout his confrontation with the evil, he must adhere to
nonviolence, for to employ violence would be to lose correct insight. A satyagrahi
always warns his opponents of his intentions; satyagraha
forbids any tactic suggesting the use of secrecy to one's advantage. Satyagraha
includes more than civil disobedience; its full range of application extends
from the details of correct daily living to the construction of alternative
political and economic institutions. Satyagraha
seeks to conquer through conversion; in the end, there is no defeat and no
victory but rather a new harmony.
Gandhi drew from the writings of Leo
Tolstoy and Henry David Thoreau, from the Christian Bible, and from the
Bhagavadgita and other Hindu writings in his formulation of the
concept of satyagraha. Satyagraha
is also rooted in ahimsa, the Hindu
concept of nonviolence. Gandhi first conceived satyagraha
in 1906 in response to a law discriminating against Asians that was passed by
the colonial government of the Transvaal in South Africa. In 1917 the first satyagraha
campaign in India was mounted in the indigo-growing district of Champaran. Over
the following years, fasting and economic boycotts were employed as methods of satyagraha.
Pragmatically, the efficacy of satyagraha
as a universal philosophy has been questioned. Satyagraha
implicitly appears to assume that the opposition will adhere to a certain level
of morality to which the satyagrahi's
truth may ultimately appeal. Gandhi himself maintained, however, that satyagraha
could prevail anywhere because it could convert anyone. See
also civil disobedience
|
»çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇÏ (satyagraha). (Èùµð¾î·Î 'Áø½ÇÀÇ Èû'À̶ó´Â ¶æ).
20¼¼±â¿¡ ÀεµÀÇ ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ½ÃÀÛµÈ Ã¶ÇÐ.
½ÇõÀûÀÎ ¸é¿¡¼´Â ¾î¶² ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ÜÈ£Çϳª ºñÆø·ÂÀûÀÎ
ÀúÇ×À¸·Î Ư¡Áö¾îÁø´Ù. ÀεµÀεéÀº ¿µ±¹ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ¿¡
ÀúÇ×ÇØ ½Î¿ï ¶§ »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇϸ¦ Áöµµ À̳äÀ¸·Î »ï¾Ò°í ´Ù¸¥
³ª¶óÀÇ ÀúÇ× ´Üüµéµµ À̸¦ äÅÃÇß´Ù.
»çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇÏ´Â Èùµð¾î·Î, 'Áø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çå½Å'À̳ª 'Áø¸®ÀÇ
Èû'µîÀÇ ¶æÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ½ÇõÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÎ »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÈ÷(satyagrahi)´Â
ÆòÈ¿Í »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀ¸·Î Áø¸®¸¦ Ãß±¸Çϸç Áø½ÉÀ¸·Î ºñÆø·ÂÀ»
±»°Ô ÁöÅ´À¸·Î½á ¾ÇÀÌ ÀϾ°Ô µÇ´Â »çÅÂÀÇ º»Áú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ÅëÂû·ÂÀ» ¾ò°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×´Â Àý´ëÀÚ
¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Áø¸®¿Í ¸¸³´Ù. »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÈ÷´Â ±×¸©µÈ °ÍÀ»
µû¸£°Å³ª ¾î¶² ½ÄÀ¸·Îµç ±×°Í°ú ŸÇùÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á
ÀÌ Áø¸®¸¦ ¹ßÇö½ÃŲ´Ù. ¾Ç°ú ¸Â¼°í ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È ±×´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ºñÆø·ÂÀ»
°ßÁöÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ÅëÂû·ÂÀ» ÀÒ°Ô µÇ±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÈ÷´Â ¹Ý´ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô Ç×»ó ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý°¢À»
ÁÖÁö½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Àڽſ¡°Ô À¯¸®Çϵµ·Ï »ç½ÇÀ» ¼û±â´Â
¾î¶°ÇÑ Ã¥·«µµ »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇÏ´Â ±ÝÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº
½Ã¹ÎºÒº¹Á¾ ±× ÀÌ»óÀÇ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ±×°ÍÀÇ Àû¿ë¹üÀ§´Â
ÀÏ»ó»ýȰÀÇ ¼¼¼¼ÇÑ ºÎºÐºÎÅÍ »õ·Î¿î Á¤Ä¡¡¤°æÁ¦ ±â±¸
¼ö¸³¿¡±îÁö °ÉÃÄ ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº °³½É(ËÇãý)À» ÅëÇÑ ±Øº¹À»
Ãß±¸ÇÑ´Ù. °á±¹¿¡´Â ÆÐ¹èµµ ½Â¸®µµ ¾Æ´Ñ »õ·Î¿î Á¶È°¡
»ý°Ü³´Ù.
°£µð´Â ·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿Í Ç µ¥À̺ñµå ¼Ò·Î ÀúÀÛµé, ¼º¼¡¤¡´¹Ù°¡¹Ùµå±âŸ
Bhagavadgita¡µ¿Í
±×¿ÜÀÇ ÈùµÎ ¹®Çå¿¡¼ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇ϶ó´Â
°³³äÀ» ¸¸µé¾î³Â´Ù. »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇÏ´Â ÈùµÎ±³ÀÇ ºñÆø·Â
»ç»óÀÎ ¾ÆÈþ»ç(ahimsa)¿¡µµ
»Ñ¸®¸¦ µÐ´Ù. °£µð°¡ óÀ½À¸·Î »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇϸ¦ ±¸»óÇß´ø
°ÍÀº 1906³â ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Æ®¶õ½º¹ßÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁ¤ºÎ°¡ Åë°ú½ÃŲ
¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ Â÷º°¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´ø ¶§¿´´Ù. 1917³â Àεµ¿¡¼
óÀ½À¸·Î »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇÏ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ Àü°³µÈ °ÍÀº ÂüÆÄ¶õÀ̶ó°í
ÇÏ´Â Àεð°í Àç¹èÁö¿ª¿¡¼¿´´Ù. ±×ÈÄ ¸î ³â µ¿¾È
»çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇÏÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼ ´Ü½Ä°ú ºÒ¸Å¿îµ¿ÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù.
½ÇÁ¦·Î »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇϰ¡ º¸ÆíöÇÐÀ¸·Î¼ À¯È¿ÇÑÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ
´Ù¼Ò°£ Àǹ®ÀÌ Á¦±âµÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù. »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇÏ¿¡´Â »ó´ë¹æµµ
µµ´ö¼ºÀÇ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ¼öÁØÀ» ÀÒÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¹Ù·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ÅëÇØ
»çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÈ÷°¡ ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î Áø½ÇÀ» È£¼ÒÇÑ´Ù´Â °¡Á¤ÀÌ ´ã°Ü
ÀÖ´Â µíÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °£µð´Â »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇϰ¡ ´©±¸µçÁö
°³½É½Ãų ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ µµÃ³¿¡ È®»êµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.¡æ
½Ã¹ÎºÒº¹Á¾
|