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Pugwash Conference,
formally PUGWASH CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND WORLD AFFAIRS, any of a series of
meetings of scientists from different countries of the world to discuss problems
of nuclear weapons and world security. The first of the conferences met in July
1957 at the estate of the American philanthropist Cyrus Eaton in the village of
Pugwash, Nova Scotia, in response to an appeal by Bertrand Russell, Albert
Einstein, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, and other prominent scientific
figures. Subsequent conferences were held in many countries, including the
Soviet Union, Great Britain, Yugoslavia, India, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Sweden,
and the United States. (see also arms control )
The chief concern of Pugwash was to
bring together leading scholars from many countries to discuss ways of reducing
armaments and tempering the arms race. During the Cold War it was one of the few
lines of open communication between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Another purpose was to examine the social responsibility of scientists toward
such world problems as economic development, population growth, and
environmental destruction.
The conferences are sponsored by the
Pugwash organization, which consists of national Pugwash groups under the
guidance of a president, a secretary-general, and an elected council based in
London. During the years after its founding, the Pugwash organization issued a
number of reports on problems of arms control and disarmament. Its spokesmen
credited these reports with having helped to prepare the way for the major
international treaties limiting the development and testing of nuclear weapons.
In 1995 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded jointly to the Pugwash organization
and to Joseph Rotblat --Pugwash founding member,
secretary-general (1957-73), and president (from 1988). (see also Rotblat, Joseph)
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