|
Stresemann,
Gustav
(b. May 10, 1878, Berlin, Ger.--d. Oct. 3, 1929, Berlin),
chancellor (1923) and foreign minister (1923, 1924-29) of the Weimar
Republic, largely responsible for restoring Germany's international
status after World War I. With French foreign minister Aristide
Briand, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926 for his policy of
reconciliation and negotiation.
Youth and education
Stresemann was the son of Ernst Stresemann, a Berlin innkeeper and beer
distributor. He was the only one of five children able to attend high school and
ultimately the university. From early childhood he displayed a strong
"inclination toward solitude," as he put it as a student, as well as a
tendency to be melancholy and to daydream. At school he displayed an unusual
gift for history, especially modern history. He was especially interested in the
lives of great personalities, particularly Napoleon and J.W. von Goethe, both of
whom fascinated him throughout his life and inspired several of his literary
studies.
Stresemann, attending the universities of Berlin and Leipzig from 1897
to 1900, first studied literature and history but changed to economics, probably
to improve his professional prospects rather than in recognition of his
practical gifts. During his student years he belonged to a relatively
progressive fraternity and retained a lifelong attachment to the sentimental
glories of student life. In 1900 he received his doctorate with a dissertation
entitled "The Growth of the Berlin Bottled-Beer Industry." The subject
of his study, based on his knowledge of his father's business and dealing with
the decline of a sector of small business as a result of competition from giant
industry, was characteristic of his origins as well as of his point of view. It
was used against him in future political struggles by the right-wing opposition.
As a liberal Prussian Protestant, Stresemann became a typical
representative of the chauvinistic spirit prevailing in imperial Germany. He
believed in the spiritual, military, and economic superiority of the German
Empire, and his political idealism manifested itself in a sentimental enthusiasm
for the heroic liberalism of 1848, as well as in a romantic style of speech.
(see also Index: nationalism)
Political rise
After completing his studies, Stresemann began his professional career
in a trade association. Unusually rapid success in commerce gave him a
springboard into politics. As an administrative assistant in the German
Chocolate Makers' Association from 1901 to 1904, he gained a reputation as an
accomplished organizer and negotiator. Already, in 1902, he had founded the
Saxon Manufacturers' Association. As its legal representative until 1911, he
occupied an important position in economic life at the age of 25.
His wife, whom he married in 1903, was the sister of a fraternity
brother and the daughter of the Berlin industrialist Adolf Kleefeld. Of Jewish
extraction, the charming and elegant Frau Stresemann played a leading role in
Berlin society of the 1920s. They had two sons.
After initially sympathizing with the ideas of the Protestant social
reformer Friedrich Naumann and collaborating with his National Social Union,
Stresemann joined the rightist National Liberal Party
in 1903. Strongly represented in Saxony at the time, the party became
Stresemann's political home. Often involved in conflicts over his support of
social-welfare measures with the right wing of his party (which was dominated by
representatives of heavy industry), he attracted general notice at his first
appearance at a party congress in 1906.
As a Dresden city councillor from 1906 to 1912 and editor of the Dresden
magazine S?hsische Industrie ("Saxon Industry"), Stresemann
became a well-known writer on economics and an expert on municipal affairs.
Recognizing the importance of the press in influencing public opinion, he took
advantage of it to support his aims.
He was elected in 1907 to the Reichstag
(parliament) as a National Liberal from the Annaberg district in the Saxon
metal-mining country, and thus he succeeded in gaining a foothold in national
politics. At 28 he was the youngest deputy in the Reichstag. The party chairman,
Ernst Bassermann, helped to advance his
political career, and he was soon considered Bassermann's "crown
prince." Stresemann was primarily interested in economic policy both as a
journalist and a deputy. He energetically defended the interests of the
commercial middle class, but his advocacy of extended social-welfare legislation
embroiled him in a conflict with the representatives of his party's right wing,
which in 1912 prevented his reelection to the National Liberal Party executive
committee. After losing his seat in the new Reichstag elections in the same
year, he travelled with other business leaders to the United States to study
economic conditions.
By this time Stresemann, who had moved to Berlin, was one of the best
known leaders of German economic life. He occupied leading positions in a number
of trade associations, including the German-American Economic Association,
established at his suggestion. Stresemann's many offices brought him financial
independence. He was known for his organizational gifts, knew how to handle
people, and was aware of the power he wielded. As a member of the pan-German
Deutscher Kolonialverein (German Colonial League) and an advocate of a strong
naval construction program, he supported the imperialist goals of German policy
carried out under the aegis of Alfred von Tirpitz
and Bernhard, F?st von B?ow. Tirpitz had served
as state secretary of the Imperial Naval Office, in which post he created the
German battle fleet, and B?ow was chancellor of Germany (1900-1909). (see also Index:
Pan-Germanism)
Policies during World War I
Stresemann was a part of the great majority of Germans who, in the firm
belief that Germany was conducting a purely defensive war, greeted the outbreak
of World War I with enthusiasm. Because of his poor health he was exempted from
military service. His political hour struck, however, in December 1914, when he
was returned to the Reichstag in a special election.
During the war, Stresemann emerged as one of the most vociferous
exponents of pan-Germanism and as a champion of Germany's extensive claims on
Polish and Russian territory in the east and on French and Belgian territory in
the west. He virtually took over leadership of his party's Reichstag faction
from Ernst Bassermann, whom military service and illness kept away from Berlin
much of the time. During these years Stresemann moved increasingly to the right.
From 1916 he worked closely with the German Army Supreme Command under Field
Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and Gen. Erich Ludendorff and became their
parliamentary mouthpiece. He thus advocated unrestricted U-boat warfare and
opposed the policy of Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann
Hollweg, who held to a moderate course and did not allow himself to be
committed to expansionist war aims.
Stresemann played a leading role in Bethmann Hollweg's overthrow in July
1917 but failed to bring back to power the former chancellor B?ow, whom he
admired. After Bassermann's death in the same month, Stresemann succeeded him as
leader of the party's Reichstag faction, becoming chairman of the entire party
later in the same year. Despite radical differences within the National Liberal
ranks, Stresemann was able to prevent a party split between the Reichstag
faction and its more conservative counterpart in the Prussian House of Deputies
over the Prussian three-class suffrage system,
in which a citizen's vote was weighted according to the value of his property.
Hoping to strengthen the monarchy, Stresemann advocated abolition of the voting
system. On the other hand, he allowed himself to be deceived about the
seriousness of the military situation of the Reich and its allies until
the Supreme Command admitted defeat at the end of September 1918.
Conversion
into a "realistic republican."
The defeat, the collapse of the monarchy on Nov. 9, 1918, and Emperor William
II's flight to Holland were cruel blows to Stresemann. Nonetheless, he quickly
accommodated himself to the realities of a republican Germany. When, however,
the newly formed left-liberal German Democratic Party, led by Friedrich
Naumann and the renowned sociologist Max Weber,
refused to admit him to its higher councils, Stresemann founded his own party,
the German People's Party. A right-liberal grouping of educated and propertied
elements, it sought to rally the right-wing supporters of the former National
Liberal Party. Stresemann, fundamentally a monarchist and an opponent of the
Weimar Republic, assumed an ambiguous "wait-and-see" attitude during
the rightist Kapp Putsch of March 1920. When the
putsch was suppressed, however, he prepared to cooperate politically with the
republic. He tried to persuade the democratic parties that the German People's
Party was qualified to participate in a coalition and pressed for a position in
the government. For the time being, however, he was still counted among the
"national opposition" to the Weimar coalition--the Social Democrats,
the German Democratic Party, and the Centre Party.
Stresemann, a member of the German National Constituent Assembly in
Weimar in 1919-20, was an opponent of the new German constitution. He also
opposed the Treaty of Versailles and was to devote his political life to its
revision. From 1920 until his death Stresemann was a Reichstag deputy and
chairman of the German People's Party, and in August 1923 he became chancellor
of the Reich at the head of a "Great Coalition," composed of
representatives of the Social Democrats, the Centre, and the German Democrats,
as well as of his People's Party. (see also Index: Paris
Peace Conference)
As chancellor from Aug. 13 to Nov. 23, 1923, during the crisis over the
Allied occupation of the Ruhr, and as foreign
minister from August 1923 to his death, Stresemann exercised decisive influence
over the fate of the Weimar Republic, and he became a statesman of European
stature. His first decision as chancellor was to abandon the policy of passive
resistance in the Ruhr, which in January 1923 had been occupied by French and
Belgian troops to enforce payment of German war reparations. This policy had
accelerated inflation and was precipitating a financial collapse.
On the domestic scene, he sought to steer his way among opposing
domestic forces. While proceeding harshly against Communist-influenced state
governments in Thuringia and Saxony, he displayed a lenient attitude toward
revolutionary attempts of the radical right, such as Adolf Hitler's putsch of
Nov. 9, 1923, in Munich. At the height of the internal political crisis of
November 1923 there was danger that the occupied territory west of the Rhine
(occupied by the Allies) might withdraw from the Reich. Only the
stabilization of the currency in the middle of November--the last significant
achievement of Stresemann's government--restored domestic order and created the
basis for economic recovery. (see also Index: Beer
Hall Putsch, Rhineland)
Years as foreign minister.
Overthrown by a vote of no confidence, the Cabinet resigned in November
1923. Stresemann took over the post of foreign minister in the new government
and held it, unchallenged until his death, in coalition governments of varying
composition under three chancellors ranging from the left to centre. His policy
was aimed at securing a reconciliation with the victorious Western powers,
especially France, for Germany
had already renewed ties with Russia through the
Treaty of Rapallo in 1922. By meeting the
reparation payments, for the reduction of which he fought as stubbornly as he
did for removal of French troops from west of the Rhine, he hoped to gain a
favourable position for his negotiations with the victorious Allies. His
enduring aim was to obtain equal rights for Germany and to restore it to its
former position among the nations of Europe.
Principally, however, this meant a revision of Germany's eastern border
of 1919, which would require Poland to return
Danzig, the Polish Corridor, and Upper Silesia, as well as the annexation of Austria.
Realistically appraising Germany's central position in Europe and exploiting
Anglo-French and Anglo-Soviet tensions, Stresemann tried to achieve his goals
through negotiation, but his seesaw policy between East and West was strongly
criticized by many contemporary critics. Yet Stresemann retained his optimism,
often carrying it to extremes, and this outlook frequently led him to
underestimate opposition both at home and abroad.
Stresemann's successes in dealing with the Allied powers during those
years can be marked out in stages. In 1924 the U.S.-proposed Dawes
Plan was signed, providing for reduction in payment of reparations and
stabilization of German finances. It was followed by the Pact
of Locarno in 1925, which included acceptance of the new Franco-German
border, agreements to arbitrate disputes with other nations, and immunity from
new sanctions by the victors of World War I.
In 1926 the first Rhineland zone was evacuated by the Allies, Germany
was admitted to the League of Nations, and the Berlin
Treaty with the Soviet Union, an agreement providing for mutual
neutrality, was signed. In 1928 the Kellogg-Briand Pact
outlawing war was signed by Germany. Stresemann did not live to see the complete
evacuation of French troops from the Rhineland and the completion of the new
settlement reducing German reparations through the Young
Plan (also a U.S. proposal) in 1929, although he had conducted the
negotiations when already marked by death.
Any summary of Stresemann's diplomatic successes should not obscure the
fact that he had to devote an extraordinary amount of effort to combatting
strong domestic opposition that arose, above all, from his own party.
Stresemann, who took the importance of the press into consideration, used
publicity to promote his policy but, by making premature statements, often
aroused political hopes that could not be realized. After his spectacular secret
meeting in 1926 with Aristide Briand, which gave rise to exaggerated hopes,
Franco-German rapprochement came to a standstill. In the last two years of his
life, which were marked by illness, Stresemann became increasingly dissatisfied
at his failure to further his foreign policy, especially after his party
dwindled and large sections of it went over to the extreme right. He himself
contemplated formation of a new party of the liberal centre. The domestic
struggle in particular weakened his already precarious health, and he died after
suffering two strokes, at the age of 51.
Assessment
By virtue of his six years of service as foreign minister and the esteem
he enjoyed, particularly abroad, Stresemann made an essential contribution to
securing the Weimar Republic's stability and survival for a few years. Because
of domestic undercurrents and opposition, he succeeded at the cost of
extraordinary personal effort.
On his death, the republic, which honoured him with a state funeral,
lost one of its few statesmen. In his personal as well as his political
development he embodied the uncertainty of the period of transition from
monarchy to republic. Yet he was unable to integrate his own party, over which
he jealously maintained leadership, into the Weimar state and thus failed, as he
wrote in 1929, to form the bridge "between the old and the new
Germany."
As an advocate of a "policy of national realism," as opposed
to a "pacifist policy of resignation," he was by no means a champion
of European unification. He supported its objectives, however, since he could
thus more easily obtain the urgently sought revision of the Treaty of
Versailles.
Stresemann's image is still controversial. He was first pronounced a
hero after 1945, when he was viewed as a champion of a united Europe. This view
was succeeded in the 1950s by an increasingly critical evaluation, especially
during the disclosure of his voluminous literary estate, which was at first
exclusively at the disposal of U.S. historians. He was then portrayed as a
flexible and opportunistic politician of nationalistic sympathies who shrewdly
adjusted his aims to meet the needs of the time, and it was said that Stresemann
had not become a democrat out of conviction but rather that he had raised
"finessing" to the level of a principle. His volatile character and
sentimental attachment to uniforms and tradition were also emphasized. The
Communists, meanwhile, regarded him as a representative of monopoly capitalism
and a forerunner of Hitler.
One of his more recent biographers has convincingly characterized
Stresemann as a "pragmatic conservative" who remained flexible in his
choice of political means while pursuing his national aims of restoration of
German wealth and power and the continuation of German traditional social and
economic order. Others have emphasized the European aspect of the German
"patriot" Stresemann, a viewpoint from which German historical
research has in the meantime departed. Yet, his political changeability
notwithstanding, Stresemann is counted among the few statesmen of his time. (
R.Mo.)
|
½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ (Gustav Stresemann).
1878. 5. 10 º£¸¦¸°~1929. 10. 3 º£¸¦¸°.
¹ÙÀ̸¶¸£ °øÈ±¹ÀÇ ÃѸ®(1923)¡¤¿Ü¹«Àå°ü(1923, 1924~29).
¡¡
 |
| ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ |
Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü µÚ µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ±¹Á¦Àû ÁöÀ§¸¦ ȸº¹ÇÏ´Â µ¥ Å©°Ô
À̹ÙÁöÇß´Ù. ÈÇØ¿Í Çù»óÁ¤Ã¥À¸·Î 1926³â ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ ¿Ü¹«Àå°ü
¾Æ¸®½ºÆ¼µå ºê¸®¾Ó°ú ÇÔ²² ³ëº§ ÆòÈ»óÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
û³â±â¿Í ±³À°
º£¸¦¸°ÀÇ ¿©Àμ÷ ÁÖÀÎÀÌÀÚ ¸ÆÁÖÆÇ¸Å¾÷ÀÚ ¿¡¸¥½ºÆ®
½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ÀÇ ¾Æµé·Î ž 5ÇüÁ¦ Áß À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô °íµîÇб³¿Í
´ëÇб³¿¡ ÁøÇÐÇß´Ù. ¾ÆÁÖ ¾î·ÈÀ» ¶§ºÎÅÍ È¥ÀÚ Àֱ⸦ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ
±×´Â Çлý½ÃÀý¿¡µµ ¿ì¿ï°ú ¸ù»ó¿¡ Àá°Ü Áö³»´Â ÆíÀ̾ú´Ù.
Çб³¿¡¼´Â ¿ª»ç ƯÈ÷ ±Ù´ë»ç ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ºñ¹üÇÑ Àç´ÉÀ» º¸¿©
À§´ëÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°, ±×Áß¿¡¼µµ ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë°ú ±«Å×ÀÇ ÀÏ»ý¿¡
°ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á³´Ù. ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë°ú ±«Å×´Â ÀÏ»ý µ¿¾È ±×¸¦
»ç·ÎÀâ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ±×ÀÇ ¹®ÇÐ ¿¬±¸¿¡µµ Å« ¿µ°¨À» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. 1897~1900³â
º£¸¦¸°´ëÇб³¿Í ¶óÀÌÇÁÄ¡È÷´ëÇб³¿¡ ´Ù´Ï¸é¼ óÀ½¿¡´Â
¹®Çаú ¿ª»ç¸¦ °øºÎÇßÀ¸³ª, ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ Çй®¿¡ Àç´ÉÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À»
ÀνÄÇߴٱ⺸´Ù´Â Á÷¾÷Àû Àü¸ÁÀ» »ý°¢Çؼ °æÁ¦ÇÐÀ¸·Î
Àü°øÀ» ¹Ù²Û µíÇÏ´Ù. ÇÐâ½ÃÀý¿¡´Â ºñ±³Àû Áøº¸ÀûÀÎ
´Üü¿¡¼ Ȱµ¿ÇßÀ¸¸ç ÀÏ»ý µ¿¾È ÀÌ·± Çлý½ÃÀýÀÇ Ãß¾ïÀ»
°£Á÷Çß´Ù. 1900³â ¡´º£¸¦¸° º´¸ÆÁÖ »ê¾÷ÀÇ ¼ºÀ塵À̶ó´Â
³í¹®À¸·Î ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¾Æ¹öÁö »ç¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀ»
¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ¾´ ÀÌ ³í¹®Àº ´ë±â¾÷°úÀÇ °æÀï ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸ô¶ôÇÏ´Â
¼Ò±â¾÷ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ±×ÀÇ Ãâ½Å¹è°æ°ú °üÁ¡À»
Ư¡ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡ ¿ìÀÍÀº Á¤Ä¡ÅõÀï¿¡¼ ±×¸¦
°ø°ÝÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ³í¹®À» ÀÌ¿ëÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù.
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®¿´´ø ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº
µ¶ÀÏ Á¦±¹¿¡ ÆØ¹èÇÑ ¿±¤Àû ¾Ö±¹ÁÖÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀ» ´ëº¯ÇÏ´Â
ÀüÇüÀû Àι°ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â µ¶ÀÏ Á¦±¹ÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀû¡¤±º»çÀû¡¤°æÁ¦Àû
¿ì¿ù¼ºÀ» ¹Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç, ³¶¸¸ÀûÀÎ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¿¬¼³°ú 1848³âÀÇ ¿µ¿õÀû
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»óÀûÀÎ ¿Á¤À» ÅëÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû
ÀÌ»óÁÖÀǸ¦ Ç¥¸íÇß´Ù.
Á¤Ä¡ÀÔ¹®
Çб³»ýȰÀ» ¸¶Ä£ µÚ ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº µ¿¾÷Á¶ÇÕ¿¡¼ ÀÏÇϸé¼
Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ °æ·ÂÀ» ½×±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ºü¸¥ °æÁ¦Àû ¼º°øÀº
Á¤Ä¡·Î ÇâÇÏ´Â ¹ßÆÇÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1901~04³â 'µ¶ÀÏ ÃÊÄݸ´
Á¦Á¶¾÷ÀÚ Çùȸ'ÀÇ ÇàÁ¤º¸Á¿ªÀ¸·Î ÀÏÇÏ¸é¼ ³ë·ÃÇÑ
Á¶Á÷°¡À̸ç Çù»ó°¡·Î¼ ¸í¼ºÀ» ¾ò¾ú´Ù. 1902³â 'ÀÛ¼¾
Á¦Á¶¾÷ÀÚ Çùȸ'¸¦ °á¼ºÇØ 1911³â±îÁö ¹ý·ü ´ëÇ¥¸¦ Áö³Â°í 25¼¼¿¡
ÀÌ¹Ì °æÁ¦°è¿¡¼ Áß¿äÇÑ À§Ä¡¿¡ ¿Ã¶ú´Ù.
1903³â¿¡ °áÈ¥ÇÑ ºÎÀÎÀº º£¸¦¸°ÀÇ ½Ç¾÷°¡ ¾Æµ¹ÇÁ
Ŭ·¹ÆçÆ®ÀÇ µþÀÌÀÚ °°Àº µ¿¾÷Á¶ÇÕ µ¿·áÀÇ ´©ÀÌ¿´´Ù. À¯´ë
Ç÷ÅëÀÇ ¸Å·ÂÀÖ°í ¿ì¾ÆÇÑ ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ ºÎÀÎÀº 1920³â´ë º£¸¦¸°
»ç±³°è¸¦ dz¹ÌÇß´Ù. À̵éÀº 2¸íÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ» µÎ¾ú´Ù.
½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº ¸ÕÀú ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® »çȸ°³Çõ°¡ ÇÁ¸®µå¸®È÷
³ª¿ì¸¸ÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡ °ø°¨ÇÏ°í ±×ÀÇ '±¹°¡»çȸ¿¬¸Í'¿¡ ÇùÁ¶ÇÑ µÚ
1903³â ¿ìÀÍ°è ±¹°¡ÀÚÀ¯´ç¿¡ Âü°¡Çß´Ù. ´ç½Ã ÀÛ¼¾ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥Àû
Á¤´çÀ̾ú´ø ±¹°¡ÀÚÀ¯´çÀº Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¿¡°Ô´Â °íÇâ°ú °°Àº
Á¸Àç°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â Áß°ø¾÷ ´ëº¯ÀÚµéÀÌ Àå¾ÇÇÑ
±¹°¡ÀÚÀ¯´çÀÇ ¿ìÆÄÀλç¿Í »çȸº¹ÁöÁ¤Ã¥À» µÑ·¯½Î°í °¥µîÀ»
°Þ±âµµ ÇßÀ¸³ª 1906³â ´ç´ëȸ¿¡ ÃÖÃÊ·Î ¸ð½ÀÀ» µå·¯³»¸é¼
´ëÁßÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» ²ø±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº µå·¹½ºµ§ ½ÃÀÇ¿ø(1906~12)°ú µå·¹½ºµ§ ÀâÁö
¡´Á¦È÷Áö¼Î ÀενºÆ®¸® Sächsische Industrie¡µÀÇ ÆíÁýÀڷμ
°æÁ¦¹®Á¦¿¡ °üÇÑ À¯¸íÇÑ ¹®Çʰ¡°¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ½ÃÁ¤(ã¼ïÙ)¾÷¹«
Àü¹®°¡·Îµµ Ȱµ¿Çß´Ù. ¿©·Ð¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¾ð·ÐÀÇ
Á߿伺À» ±ú´Ý°í ¾ð·ÐÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥´Þ¼º¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇß´Ù. 1907³â
ÀÛ¼¾ ±Ý±¤ Áö¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾Æ³ªº£¸£Å©¿¡¼ ±¹°¡ÀÚÀ¯´ç
¼Ò¼ÓÀ¸·Î Á¦±¹ÀÇȸ ÀÇ¿ø¿¡ ¼±ÃâµÊÀ¸·Î½á Àü±¹ Á¤Ä¡¹«´ë¿¡
ÁøÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹ßÆÇÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇß´Ù. 28¼¼·Î ÃÖ¿¬¼Ò Á¦±¹ÀÇȸ
ÀÇ¿øÀÌ µÈ ±×´Â ´ç¼ö(ÓÚâÏ) ¿¡¸¥½ºÆ® ¹Ù¼¸¸ÀÇ
µµ¿òÀ¸·Î Á¤Ä¡°æ·ÂÀ» ½×¾Æ°¡¸é¼ °ð ¹Ù¼¸¸ÀÇ 'ȲÅÂÀÚ'·Î
ÀνĵǾú´Ù. ¾ð·ÐÀÎÀÌÀÚ ÀÇ¿øÀ¸·Î¼ ¿ì¼± °æÁ¦Á¤Ã¥¿¡
°ü½ÉÀ» µÎ°í Áß»êÃþÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¿·ÄÈ÷ ¿ËÈ£ÇßÀ¸³ª
»çȸº¸Àå¹ýÀÇ È®´ë¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇØ ´ç³» ¿ìÆÄÀλçµé°ú °¥µîÀ»
°Þ±âµµ Çß´Ù. ÀÌ °¥µî ¶§¹®¿¡ 1912³â ±¹°¡ÀÚÀ¯´ç
ÁýÇàÀ§¿øÈ¸¿¡ Àç¼±µÇÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. °°Àº ÇØ Á¦±¹ÀÇȸ ÀÇ¿ø
¼±°Å¿¡¼µµ ³«¼±ÇÑ µÚ ±â¾÷°¡µé°ú ÇÔ²² ¹Ì±¹À» ¿©ÇàÇϸé¼
°æÁ¦»óŸ¦ ¿¬±¸Çß´Ù. À̹«·Æ º£¸¦¸°À¸·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÑ
½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº µ¶ÀÏ °æÁ¦°è¿¡¼ °¡Àå À¯¸íÇÑ ÁöµµÀÚ°¡
µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¦¾ÈÀ¸·Î â¼³µÈ 'µ¶ÀÏ¡¤¹Ì±¹ °æÁ¦Çùȸ'¸¦
ºñ·ÔÇÑ ¸¹Àº µ¿¾÷Á¶ÇÕ¿¡¼ ÁöµµÀû À§Ä¡¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇß°í ¿©·¯
ÀÏÀ» ¸ÃÀ½À¸·Î½á ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀçÁ¤µµ ÀÚ¸³½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×´Â »ç¶÷À»
´Ù·ç´Â Á¶Á÷´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áø °ÍÀ¸·Î À¯¸íÇß°í, ±× ½º½º·Îµµ
ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Çà»çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç·ÂÀ» ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶Ç ±×´Â 'µ¶ÀϽĹÎÇùȸ'
ȸ¿øÀÌ¸ç °·ÂÇÑ ÇØ±º °Ç¼³°èȹÀÇ ÁÖâÀڷμ ¾ËÇÁ·¹Æ® Æù
Ƽ¸£ÇÇÃ÷¿Í ºâ·Î ÈÄÀÛ º£¸¥Çϸ£Æ®ÀÇ ÁÖµµ·Î ½ÃÇàµÇ´Â
µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÁ¤Ã¥À» ÁöÁöÇß´Ù. Ƽ¸£ÇÇÃ÷´Â
Á¦±¹ÇرººÎÀå°ü ÀçÁ÷Áß µ¶ÀÏ ÀüÅõÇԴ븦 â¼³Çß°í, 1900~09³â
ºâ·Î´Â µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ÃѸ®¸¦ Áö³Â´Ù.
Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ¶§ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥
´ëºÎºÐÀÇ µ¶ÀÏÀΰú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº Á¦1Â÷
¼¼°è´ëÀüÀ» ¿·ÄÈ÷ ÁöÁöÇÏ¸é¼ µ¶ÀÏÀº ¼ø¼öÇÑ ¹æ¾îÀüÀ»
Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í È®½ÅÇß´Ù. °Ç°ÀÌ ³ªºü ±ºº¹¹«´Â ¸éÁ¦¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸³ª
1914³â 12¿ù º¸±È¼±°Å¿¡¼ Á¦±¹ÀÇȸ ÀÇ¿øÀ¸·Î ´Ù½Ã »ÌÈ÷¸é¼
Á¤Ä¡È°µ¿À» Àç°³Çß´Ù. ÀüÀï µ¿¾È ±×´Â ¹ü°Ô¸£¸¸ÁÖÀǸ¦
¿·ÄÈ÷ ÁÖâÇßÀ¸¸ç µ¶ÀÏÀÌ µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î´Â Æú¶õµå¿Í ·¯½Ã¾Æ
¿µÅä, ¼ÂÊÀ¸·Î´Â ÇÁ¶û½º¿Í º§±â¿¡ ¿µÅä±îÁö ÆØÃ¢ÇØ¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ±º»ç¾÷¹«¿Í º´À¸·Î ¿À·§µ¿¾È º£¸¦¸°À»
¶°³ª ÀÖ´ø ¿¡¸¥½ºÆ® ¹Ù¼¸¸ÀÇ µÚ¸¦ ÀÌ¾î »ç½Ç»ó Á¦±¹ÀÇȸ ³»
±¹°¡ÀÚÀ¯´çÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú°í À̶§ Á¡Â÷ ¿ìÀÍÀ¸·Î
±â¿ï¾ú´Ù. 1916³âºÎÅÍ ÆÄ¿ï Æù Èùµ§ºÎ¸£Å© À°±º¿ø¼ö¿Í ¿¡¸®È÷
·çµ§µµ¸£ÇÁ À屺ÀÌ À̲ô´Â µ¶Àϱº ÃÖ°í»ç·ÉºÎ¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ
°ü°è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ¸é¼ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ» ÀÇȸ¿¡¼ ´ëº¯Çß´Ù.
¹«Á¦ÇÑÀÇ À¯º¸Æ®(U-boat) ÀüÅõ¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÑ ±×´Â ¿Â°Ç³ë¼±À»
ÁÖÀåÇÏ¸ç ÆØÃ¢ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ÀüÀï¸ñÇ¥¿¡ ¸»·ÁµéÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á´ø
Å׿À¹ßÆ® Æù º£Æ®¸¸ Ȧº£Å© ÃѸ®ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇß´Ù.
½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº 1917³â 7¿ù Ȧº£Å© Á¤±ÇÀ» ¹«³Ê¶ß¸®´Â µ¥
ÁÖµµÀû ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇßÀ¸³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Á¸°æÇÏ´ø ºâ·Î Àü(îñ)ÃѸ®¿¡°Ô
±Ç·ÂÀ» ¾È°ÜÁÖ´Â µ¥´Â ½ÇÆÐÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â °°Àº ´Þ
¹Ù¼¸¸ÀÌ Á×ÀÚ ±×ÀÇ µÚ¸¦ ÀÌ¾î ¿ø³»(êÂÒ®) ±¹°¡ÀÚÀ¯´ç
ÁöµµÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú°í, °°Àº ÇØ¸»¿¡´Â ¿ø³»¿Í ¿ø¿Ü¸¦ ¸ðµÎ À̲ô´Â
Àüü ±¹°¡ÀÚÀ¯´ç ´ç¼ö°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±¹°¡ÀÚÀ¯´ç ³»ÀÇ ½É°¢ÇÑ
°è±ÞÂ÷ÀÌ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×´Â ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ÅõÇ¥±ÇÀ» Àç»ê°¡Ä¡¿¡
µû¶ó Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â 'ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ 3°è±Þ ÂüÁ¤±ÇÁ¦µµ'¸¦ µÑ·¯½Ñ
±¹°¡ÀÚÀ¯´çÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ ÀÇȸ ³» º¸¼öÆÄ¿Í Á¦±¹ÀÇȸ ÀÇ¿ø
»çÀÌÀÇ ºÐ¿À» ¸·¾Æ³»´Â µ¥ ¼º°øÇß´Ù. ¶Ç ±ºÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ °È¸¦
À§ÇØ ¼±°ÅÁ¦µµÀÇ ÆóÁö¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù. ÇÑÆí ±×´Â 1918³â 9¿ù¸»
ÃÖ°í»ç·ÉºÎ°¡ ÆÐ¹è¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¶§±îÁö µ¶ÀÏ Á¦±¹°ú ±×
µ¿¸Í±¹ÀÇ ½É°¢ÇÑ ±º»ç»óȲÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
'Çö½ÇÀû °øÈÁÖÀÇÀÚ'·ÎÀÇ º¯½Å
1918³â 11¿ù 9ÀÏ ±ºÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ ºØ±«¿Í ºôÇ︧ 2¼¼ÀÇ ³×´ú¶õµå
¸Á¸íÀº ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸¿¡°Ô ½ÉÇÑ Å¸°ÝÀ» ¾È°ÜÁÖ¾úÀ¸³ª ±×´Â
À绡¸® µ¶ÀÏ °øÈ±¹ÀÇ Çö½Ç¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÇÁ¸®µå¸®È÷
³ª¿ì¸¸°ú À¯¸íÇÑ »çȸÇÐÀÚ ¸·½º º£¹ö°¡ »õ·Ó°Ô ¸¸µç
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ ÁÂÆÄ ¼ºÇâÀÇ µ¶ÀϹÎÁÖ´çÀÌ ±×¸¦ ´çÀÇ °íÀ§Á÷¿¡
¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀÚ ½º½º·Î µ¶ÀÏÀιδçÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â
±³¾ç°ú Àç»êÀ» °®Ãá ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ ¿ìÆÄ¸¦ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î Àü(îñ)
±¹°¡ÀÚÀ¯´çÀÇ ¿ìÆÄ ÁöÁöÀÚ¸¦ ±ÔÇÕÇϰíÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù.
±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ±ºÁÖÁ¦ ¿ËÈ£·ÐÀÚÀÌ¸ç ¹ÙÀ̸¶¸£ °øÈ±¹
¹Ý´ëÀÚ¿´´ø ±×´Â 1920³â 3¿ù ¿ìÆÄÀÇ Ä«ÇÁ ¹Ý¶õÀÌ ÀϾÀ» ¶§
'±â´Ù·Á º¸ÀÚ'¶ó´Â ¸ðÈ£ÇÑ Åµµ¸¦ ÃëÇßÀ¸³ª ¹Ý¶õÀÌ Áø¾ÐµÈ
µÚ¿¡´Â Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î °øÈÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿Í Á¦ÈÞÇÏ·Á°í Çß´Ù. ±×´Â
µ¶ÀÏÀιδçÀÌ ¿¬Á¤(Ö¤ïÙ)¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ÀÚ°ÝÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ¿ª¼³Çϰí
Á¤ºÎ ³»ÀÇ ÇÑ Á÷Ã¥À» ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »çȸ¹ÎÁִ硤µ¶ÀϹÎÁִ硤Áß¾Ó´çÀÌ
¿¬ÇÕÇÑ ¹ÙÀ̸¶¸£ ¿¬Á¤Àº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¾ó¸¶ µ¿¾ÈÀº ±×¸¦ '±¹°¡¿¡
¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷'À¸·Î °£ÁÖÇß´Ù.
1919~20³â ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº ¹ÙÀ̸¶¸£ °øÈ±¹ Á¦ÇåÀÇȸ ÀÇ¿øÀ»
Áö³»¸é¼ »õ·Î¿î µ¶ÀÏÇå¹ý¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇß°í º£¸£»çÀ¯ Á¶¾à¿¡µµ
¹Ý´ëÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÀλýÀ» ÀÌ Á¶¾à °³Á¤¿¡ ¹ÙÃÆ´Ù. 1920³âºÎÅÍ
Á×À» ¶§±îÁö °øÈ±¹ ÀÇȸÀÇ¿øÀÌÀÚ µ¶ÀÏÀÎ¹Î´ç ´ç¼ö¸¦
Áö³Â°í, 1923³â 8¿ù¿¡´Â »çȸ¹ÎÁִ硤Á߾Ӵ硤µ¶ÀϹÎÁִ硤µ¶ÀÏÀιδç
´ëÇ¥·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ '´ë¿¬Á¤'(ÓÞÖ¤ïÙ)ÀÇ ¼ö¹ÝÀÎ ÃѸ®°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
1923³â 8¿ù 13ÀϺÎÅÍ 11¿ù 23ÀϱîÁö ¿¬ÇÕ±¹ÀÇ ·ç¸£ Á¡·ÉÀ§±â
µ¿¾È¿¡´Â ÃѸ®·Î¼, 1923³â 8¿ùºÎÅÍ Á×À» ¶§±îÁö´Â
¿Ü¹«Àå°üÀ¸·Î¼ ¹ÙÀ̸¶¸£ °øÈ±¹ ¿î¸í¿¡ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ»
¹ÌÃÆ°í À¯·´ Àüü¿¡¼ ¸í¼ºÀ» ¾òÀº Á¤Ä¡°¡°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÃѸ®·Î¼ ±×°¡ ÇàÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °áÁ¤Àº ·ç¸£ Áö¹æ¿¡¼ÀÇ
¼Ò±ØÀûÀÎ ÀúÇ×Á¤Ã¥À» Æ÷±âÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. µ¶ÀÏ¿¡°Ô ÀüÀï
¹è»ó±Ý ÁöºÒÀ» °¿äÇϱâ À§ÇØ 1923³â 1¿ù ÇÁ¶û½º¿Í º§±â¿¡
±º´ë´Â ·ç¸£ Áö¿ªÀ» Á¡·ÉÇß°í, ÀÌ¿¡ ¸Â¼ µ¶ÀÏÀº ¼Ò±ØÀû
ÀúÇ×Á¤Ã¥À» ÃëÇßÀ¸³ª ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀÇ °¡¼ÓÈ¿Í ÀçÁ¤ÆÄźÀÌ
¿¹°íµÇ´Â °á°ú¸¦ ³º¾ÒÀ» »ÓÀ̾ú´Ù.
±¹³»¹®Á¦¿¡¼ ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº ¹Ý´ë¼¼·ÂÀÇ ÁöÁö¸¦ ¾ò±â À§ÇØ
³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. Æ¢¸µ°Õ°ú ÀÛ¼¾¿¡ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ °è¿ÀÇ ÁÖ(ñ¶)Á¤ºÎ°¡
¼ö¸³µÇ´Â °Í¿¡´Â °Ý·ÄÈ÷ ¹Ý´ëÇϸ鼵µ 1923³â 11¿ù 9ÀÏ ¾Æµ¹ÇÁ
È÷Ʋ·¯ÀÇ ¹ÀÇî ºñ¾îȦ Æøµ¿°ú °°Àº ±Ø¿ìÆÄÀÇ Çõ¸íÀû ½Ãµµ¿¡
´ëÇØ¼´Â °ü´ëÇÔÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. 1923³â 11¿ù ±¹³» Á¤Ä¡À§±â°¡
ÀýÁ¤¿¡ À̸£·¯ ¿¬ÇÕ±¹ÀÌ Á¡·ÉÇϰí ÀÖ´ø ¶óÀÎ ° ¼ºÎÁö¿ªÀÌ
µ¶ÀÏ¿¡¼ ¶³¾îÁ®³ª°¥Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â À§±â¸¶Àú °ãÃÆ´Ù.
½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ÀÌ 11¿ù Áß¼ø¿¡ ÃëÇÑ ÅëȾÈÁ¤Ã¥Àº ±¹³»Áú¼¸¦
µÇã°í °æÁ¦È¸º¹ÀÇ Åä´ë¸¦ ¸¶·ÃÇØÁØ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Á¤Ã¥À̾ú´Ù(ÀÌ
Á¤Ã¥Àº ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ Á¤ºÎ ÃÖÈÄÀÇ Áß¿ä ¾÷ÀûÀ¸·Î Æò°¡µÊ).
¿Ü¹«Àå°ü ½ÃÀý
ºÒ½ÅÀÓ ÅõÇ¥·Î ¹«³ÊÁø ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ ³»°¢Àº 1923³â 11¿ù
ÃÑ»çÅðÇß´Ù. »õ Á¤ºÎ¿¡¼ ±×´Â ÁÂÆÄ¿¡¼ ÁßµµÆÄ±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÑ
¼ºÇâÀ» °¡Áø 3¸íÀÇ ÃѸ®°¡ À̲ö ¿¬¸³Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¿Ü¹«Àå°üÀ» ¸Ã¾Æ
Á×À» ¶§±îÁö ÀçÁ÷Çß´Ù. 1922³â ¶óÆÈ·Î Á¶¾àÀ» ÅëÇØ µ¶ÀÏÀº
ÀÌ¹Ì ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ °³¼±Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ÀÇ
Á¤Ã¥Àº Àü½Â±¹ÀÎ ¼±¸¿°, ƯÈ÷ ÇÁ¶û½º¿ÍÀÇ ÈÇØ¸¦ È®°íÈ÷
ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ±×´Â ¶óÀÎ ° ¼ºÎ¿¡
ÁÖµÐÇÑ ÇÁ¶û½º ±º´ëÀÇ Ã¶¼ö¸¦ À§ÇØ ²öÁú±â°Ô ³ë·ÂÇß´ø
°Íó·³ ¹è»ó±Ý »è°¨À» À§ÇØ ²öÁú±â°Ô ½Î¿òÀ¸·Î½á
Àü½Â±¹°úÀÇ Çù»ó¿¡¼ À¯¸®ÇÑ À§Ä¡¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ·Á Çß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ
ÀϰüµÈ ¸ñÇ¥´Â µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ÆòµîÇÑ ±Ç¸®¸¦ È®º¸ÇÏ´Â Àϰú
À¯·´¿¡¼ ¿¹ÀüÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ µÇã´Â ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÇ¥´Â 1919³â¿¡ È®Á¤µÈ µ¶ÀÏ µ¿ºÎ ±¹°æ¼±ÀÇ º¯°æÀ»
ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ´ÜÄ¡È÷, Æú¶õµå ȸ¶ûÁö´ë(üÞÕÆò¢Óá),
»ó(ß¾)½¶·¹Áö¿£ÀÇ ¹ÝȯÀ» Æú¶õµå¿¡°Ô ¿ä±¸ÇØ¾ß Çϰí
¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ¿ÍÀÇ ÇÕº´ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº
À¯·´¿¡¼ µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Çö½ÇÀûÀÎ ÇÙ½É À§Ä¡¸¦ °è»êÇÏ°í ¿µ±¹°ú
ÇÁ¶û½º, ¿µ±¹°ú ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ±äÀå°ü°è¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é¼ Çù»óÀ» ÅëÇØ
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÏ·Á ÇßÀ¸³ª µ¿¡¤¼ »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ¹úÀÎ ±×ÀÇ
±âȸÁÖÀÇÀû ¿Ü±³Á¤Ã¥Àº µ¿½Ã´ë ºñÆò°¡µé¿¡°Ô Å« ºñ³À»
¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â Á¾Á¾ ±Ø´ÜÀ¸·Î±îÁö Ä¡´Ý´Â ³«°üÀû
°ßÇØ¸¦ Áö´ÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¹³»¿ÜÀÇ ¹Ý´ë¸¦ °ú¼ÒÆò°¡Çß´Ù.
ÀÌ ±â°£¿¡ ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ÀÌ ÇàÇÑ ¿¬ÇÕ±¹°úÀÇ ¼º°øÀûÀÎ Çù»óÀº
¸î ´Ü°è·Î ³ª´ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 1924³â ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ µµÁî ¾È(äÐ)Àº
µ¶ÀÏ ÀçÁ¤ÀÇ È¸º¹°ú ¾ÈÁ¤À» À§ÇÑ ¹è»ó±Ý »è°¨À»
ÁÖ¿ä³»¿ëÀ¸·Î Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. µÚÀ̾î 1925³â ü°áµÈ ·ÎÄ«¸£³ë
Á¶¾àÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº »õ·Î¿î µ¶ÀÏ-ÇÁ¶û½º ±¹°æÀÇ È®Á¤, ´Ù¸¥
±¹°¡¿ÍÀÇ ºÐÀï ÁßÀç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÕÀÇ, Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÇ
Àü½Â±¹ÀÌ °¡ÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î Á¦Àç(ð¤î®)·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¸éÁ¦ µîÀÌ´Ù.
1926³â ¸ÕÀú ¶óÀÎ Áö¹æÀÌ ¿¬ÇÕ±¹ Á¡·É¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ µÚ
µ¶ÀÏÀº ±¹Á¦¿¬¸Í¿¡ °¡ÀÔÇß°í »óÈ£Á߸³¼ºÀ» º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â µ¥
ÇÕÀÇÇÑ ¼Ò·Ã°úÀÇ º£¸¦¸° Á¶¾àÀ» ü°áÇß´Ù. 1928³â¿¡´Â ÀüÀïÀ»
ºÒ¹ýÀ¸·Î õ¸íÇÑ Ä̷α×-ºê¸®¾Ó
ÇùÁ¤¿¡ ¼¸íÇß´Ù. ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº ÀÌ¹Ì Á×À½ÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ°¡
´Ù°¡¿À°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§ Çù»óÀ» ÁÖµµÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¶óÀÎ Áö¹æ¿¡
ÁÖµÐÇÑ ÇÁ¶û½º±ºÀÇ ¿ÏÀüö¼ö¿Í, ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿µ ¾È(Young Plan)À»
ÅëÇØ µ¶ÀÏ ¹è»ó±Ý »è°¨¹®Á¦°¡ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Ÿ°áµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸Áö
¸øÇÑ Ã¤ Á×¾ú´Ù. ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ÀÇ ¿Ü±³Àû ¼º°øÀ» À̾߱âÇϸé¼
±×°¡ ±¹³» ¹Ý´ë¼¼·Â, ƯÈ÷ ´ç³»ÀÇ ¹Ý´ë¼¼·Â¿¡ ¸Â¼±â À§ÇØ
¾öû³ ³ë·ÂÀ» ±â¿ï¿´´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» °£°úÇØ¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. ±×´Â
¾ð·ÐÀÇ Á߿伺À» ÀνÄÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¤Ã¥ ÃßÁøÀ» À§ÇØ ¿©·ÐÀ»
ÀÌ¿ëÇϱ⵵ ÇßÀ¸³ª ¹Ì¼÷ÇÑ ÁÖÀåÀ» ÆîħÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ·ê ¼ö ¾ø´Â
Á¤Ä¡Àû Èñ¸Á¸¸À» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å°±âµµ Çß´Ù. Áö³ªÄ£ Èñ¸ÁÀ»
ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å² ºê¸®¾Ó°úÀÇ ±ØÀûÀÎ ºñ¹Ðȸ´ã(1926) ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ
µ¶Àϰú ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ °ü°è´Â º°´Ù¸¥ ÁøÀüÀ» º¸Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. º´ÀÌ
¾ÇÈµÈ ¸¶Áö¸· 2³â µ¿¾È ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº ´çÀÌ Á¡Â÷ ¼èÅðÇϰí
´ç¿ø ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ±Ø¿ìÆÄ·Î µ¹¾Æ¼¶¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿Ü±³Á¤Ã¥
½ÇÆÐ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÁÂÀýÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ±×´Â ½º½º·Î
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû ÁßµµÆÄÀÎ ½Å´ç(ãæÓÚ) â´çÀ» ±¸»óÇßÀ¸³ª ±¹³»ÀÇ
Á¤Ä¡ÅõÀïÀ¸·Î °Ç°À» ÇØÃÄ 2¹øÀÇ ¹ßÀÛÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å² µÚ 51¼¼¿¡
Á×¾ú´Ù.
Æò°¡
6³â¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ¿Ü¹«Àå°üÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ÀçÁ÷°ú ƯÈ÷ ÇØ¿Ü¿¡¼ÀÇ
¸í¼ºÀ» ÅëÇØ ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº ¹ÙÀ̸¶¸£ °øÈ±¹À» À¯Áö¡¤¾ÈÁ¤½ÃŰ´Â
µ¥ Å©°Ô À̹ÙÁöÇß´Ù. ±¹³»ÀÇ È¥¶õ°ú ¹Ý´ë°¡ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ ±×´Â
Çdzª´Â °³ÀÎÀû ³ë·ÂÀ» ±â¿ïÀÓÀ¸·Î½á ¼º°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
¹ÙÀ̸¶¸£ °øÈ±¹Àº ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀǹÌÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°¡¿´´ø ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸À»
±¹Àå(ÏÐí÷)À¸·Î ¿¹¿ìÇß´Ù. ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ÀÇ ÀÏ»ýÀº
°³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î³ª Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î³ª ±ºÁÖÁ¦¿¡¼ °øÈÁ¦·Î ¿Å°Ü°¡´Â
½Ã±âÀÇ ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀ» ±×´ë·Î º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â ´çÀÇ
Áöµµ·ÂÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â µ¥ ±Þ±ÞÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´çÀ» ¹ÙÀ̸¶¸£ üÁ¦
¾ÈÀ¸·Î ÅëÇÕÇÏÁö ¸øÇß°í 1929³â ½º½º·Î ½èµíÀÌ '¿¾ µ¶Àϰú
»õ·Î¿î µ¶ÀÏ »çÀÌ¿¡' ´Ù¸®¸¦ ³õ´Â µ¥µµ ½ÇÆÐÇß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ 'ÆòÈÁÖÀÇÀû
ü³äÁ¤Ã¥'¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â '±¹°¡Çö½ÇÁÖÀÇ Á¤Ã¥'ÀÇ ÁÖâÀڷμ
±×´Â °áÄÚ À¯·´ ÅëÇÕÀÇ ´ëº¯ÀÚ´Â ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª º£¸£»çÀ¯
Á¶¾àÀ» Áï°¢ ¼öÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î À¯·´ ÅëÇÕÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ»
ÁöÁöÇß´Ù.
½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ÀÇ À̹ÌÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ³í¶õÀÌ ¸¹¾Æ
ÅëÇÕ À¯·´ÀÇ ±â¼ö·Î ÀνĵǾú´ø 1945³â ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â ¿µ¿õ ´ëÁ¢À»
¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸³ª 1950³â´ë¿¡´Â Á¡Â÷ ºñÆÇ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÀÌ
ºñÆÇÀÛ¾÷Àº ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸ÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ¹®ÇÊ ÀÛǰÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇ°í
ÁÖ·Î ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡µéÀÌ À̸¦ ÀÓÀÇ´ë·Î ºÐ¼®Çϸé¼
½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ß¸Á°ú
½Ã´ëÀû ¿ä±¸¸¦ ±³È°ÇÏ°Ô ÀÏÄ¡½ÃŲ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ ¿Á¤À» ǰÀº
º¯´ö½º·´°í ±âȸÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡°¡·Î ¹¦»çµÇ¾ú´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº
±×°¡ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å³äÀÌ ¾ø°í ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀÎ
¼öÁØ¿¡¼ '¼úÃ¥'À» ½è´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ º¯´ö½º·¯¿î ¼º°Ý,
ȹÀϼº°ú ÀüÅë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»óÀûÀÎ ÁýÂøµµ °Á¶µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ý¸é
°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ±×¸¦ µ¶Á¡ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ´ëº¯ÀÚÀÌÀÚ È÷Ʋ·¯ÀÇ
¼±±¸ÀÚ·Î Æò°¡Çß´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ÇÑ Àü±âÀÛ°¡´Â ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸À»
µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ºÎ(Ý£)¿Í ±Ç·Â ȸº¹, µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ »çȸ¡¤°æÁ¦
Áú¼ À¯Áö¶ó´Â ±¹°¡Àû ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí ±× Á¤Ä¡Àû
¼ö´ÜÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â µ¥´Â À¶Å뼺À» º¸¿©ÁØ '½Ç¿ëÁÖÀÇÀû
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚ'·Î ±ÔÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº À¯·´ÀÎÀÇ
½Ã°¢¿¡¼ ±×°¡ µ¶ÀÏÀÇ '¾Ö±¹ÀÚ'¿´À½À» °Á¶ÇßÀ¸¸ç µ¶ÀÏÀÇ
¿ª»ç°¡µéµµ ÇѶ§ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °ßÇØ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª Áö±ÝÀº
±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù. °á·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû
º¯½Å¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÁøÂ¥ Á¤Ä¡°¡¿´´Ù°í Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.
R. Morsey ±Û | ì°à¼úÅ ÂüÁ¶ÁýÇÊ
|