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Schweitzer, Albert
(b. Jan. 14, 1875, Kaysersberg, Upper Alsace, Ger. [now in France]--d. Sept. 4,
1965, Lambaréné, Gabon), Alsatian-German theologian, philosopher,
organist, and mission doctor in equatorial Africa, who received the 1952 Nobel
Peace Prize for his efforts in behalf of "the Brotherhood of Nations."
The eldest son of a Lutheran pastor, Schweitzer
studied philosophy and theology at Strasbourg, where he took the doctor's
degree in philosophy in 1899. At the same time, he was also a lecturer in
philosophy and a preacher at St. Nicholas' Church, and the following year he
received a doctorate in theology. His book Von
Reimarus zu Wrede (1906; The
Quest of the Historical Jesus) established him as a world figure in
theological studies. In this and other works he stressed the eschatological
views (concerned with the consummation of history) of Jesus and St. Paul,
asserting that their attitudes were formed by expectation of the imminent end of
the world.
During these years Schweitzer also became an accomplished musician, beginning his
career as an organist in Strasbourg in 1893. Charles-Marie Widor, his organ
teacher in Paris, recognized Schweitzer as
a Bach interpreter of unique perception and asked him to write a study of the
composer's life and art. The result was J.S.
Bach: le musicien-poète (1905). In this work Schweitzer viewed Bach as a religious mystic and likened his music
to the impersonal and cosmic forces of the natural world.
In 1905 Schweitzer announced his intention to become a mission doctor in
order to devote himself to philanthropic work, and in 1913 he became a doctor of
medicine. With his wife, Hélène Bresslau, who had trained as a
nurse in order to assist him, he set out for Lambaréné in the Gabon
province of French Equatorial Africa. There on the banks of the Ogooué
(Ogowe) River, Schweitzer, with the
help of the natives, built his hospital, which he equipped and maintained from
his income, later supplemented by gifts from individuals and foundations in many
countries. Interned there briefly as an enemy alien (German), and later in
France as a prisoner of war during World War I, he turned his attention
increasingly to world problems and was moved to write his Kulturphilosophie (1923; "Philosophy of Civilization"), in
which he set forth his personal philosophy of "reverence for life," an
ethical principle involving all living things, which he believed essential to
the survival of civilization.
Schweitzer
returned to Africa in 1924 to rebuild the derelict
hospital, which he relocated some two miles up the Ogooué River. A leper
colony was added later. By 1963 there were 350 patients with their relatives at
the hospital and 150 patients in the leper colony, all served by about 36 white
physicians, nurses, and varying numbers of native workers.
Schweitzer
never entirely abandoned his musical or scholarly
interests. He published Die Mystik des
Apostels Paulus (1930; The Mysticism
of Paul the Apostle), gave lectures and organ recitals throughout Europe,
made recordings, and resumed his editing of Bach's works, begun with Widor in
1911 (Bachs Orgelwerke, 1912-14). His
address upon receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, Das Problem des Friedens in der heutigen Welt (1954; The
Problem of Peace in the World of Today), had a worldwide circulation.
Despite the occasional criticisms of Schweitzer's
medical practice as being autocratic and primitive, and despite the opposition
sometimes raised against his theological works, his influence continues to have
a strong moral appeal, frequently serving as a source of encouragement for other
medical missionaries.
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1984
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À¯Ç³ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1979 |