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Sakharov, Andrey
Dmitriyevich (b. May 21, 1921, Moscow, Russia--d. Dec.
14, 1989, Moscow), Soviet nuclear physicist, an outspoken advocate of human
rights, civil liberties, and reform in the Soviet Union as well as for
rapprochement with noncommunist nations. In 1975 he was awarded the Nobel Prize
for Peace.
Sakharov
was the son of a physicist, and his exceptional
scientific promise was recognized early. He won a doctorate at the age of 26 and
was admitted as a full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences at age 32. By
that time he had worked for several years with Igor
Tamm as a theoretical physicist to develop the Soviet Union's first
hydrogen bomb and had also devised, with Tamm, the theoretical basis for
controlled thermonuclear fusion. As a preeminent Soviet scientist, he was
accorded luxuries and honours.
After years of attempts at less public
persuasion, Sakharov in 1961 went on
record against Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev's plan to test a 100-megaton
hydrogen bomb in the atmosphere, fearing the effects of widespread radioactive
fallout. Three years later Sakharov successfully
mobilized opposition to the spurious doctrines of the still-powerful Stalin-era
biologist T.D. Lysenko. In 1968 he
published in the West his essay "Progress, Coexistence, and Intellectual
Freedom," in which he called for nuclear arms reductions, predicted and
endorsed the eventual integration of communist and capitalist systems in a form
of democratic socialism, and criticized the increasing repression of Soviet
dissidents. In 1971 he married the human-rights activist Yelena G. Bonner.
Sakharov
and Bonner continued to be at odds with the Soviet
government. Speaking out against Soviet political repression at home and hostile
relations abroad, he was isolated and became the target of official censure and
harassment. In December 1979, with his denunciation of the Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan and his call for a world boycott of the Moscow Olympic Games, he was
silenced. In January 1980 the Soviet government stripped him of his honours and
exiled him to the closed city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod). In 1984 Bonner was
convicted of anti-Soviet activities and was likewise confined to Gorky. In
December 1986 the Soviet government under Mikhail S. Gorbachev released Sakharov
and Bonner from their exile and let them return to Moscow. Elected to the
Congress of People's Deputies in April 1989, Sakharov
had his honours restored and saw many of the causes for which he had fought
and suffered become official policy under Gorbachev. Sakharov's memoirs, translated by Richard Lourie, were published in
1990.
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