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Root, Elihu
(b. Feb. 15, 1845, Clinton, N.Y., U.S.--d. Feb. 7, 1937, New York City),
American lawyer and statesman, winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1912.
Root
received his law degree from New York University
in 1867 and became a leading corporation lawyer. As U.S. attorney for the
southern district of New York (1883-85) he came into close contact with Theodore
Roosevelt, then a leader in New York Republican politics, and became
Roosevelt's friend and legal adviser.
As secretary of war in Pres. William
McKinley's (and, after McKinley's assassination, Roosevelt's) Cabinet
(1899-1903), Root worked out
governmental arrangements for the former Spanish areas then under U.S. control
as a result of the Spanish-American War. He was the primary author of the Foraker
Act (1900), which provided for civil government in Puerto Rico. He
established U.S. authority in the Philippines and wrote the instructions for an
American governing commission sent there in 1900. He also effected a
reorganization of the army, established the principle of rotation of officers
from staff to line, and created the Army War College in 1901.
Root
left the Cabinet in 1904 but returned as secretary
of state the following year during Roosevelt's second term and remained until
1909. On a tour of South America (1906) he persuaded Latin-American states to
participate in the Second Hague Peace Conference, and he negotiated a series of
agreements by which Japan undertook to control its immigration to the United
States, to arbitrate certain kinds of disputes, and to respect the Open Door
Policy in China. He also concluded treaties of arbitration with more than twenty
nations. Later, as chief counsel for the United States before the Hague
Tribunal, he settled the controversy between the United States and Great Britain
over the North Atlantic coast fisheries. For these and other contributions to
peace and general world harmony he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. (see
also Gentlemen's
Agreement)
From 1909 to 1915, as a Republican
senator from New York, Root sided
with the William Howard Taft wing of the party. After the outbreak of World War
I in Europe, he openly supported the Allies and was critical of Pres. Woodrow
Wilson's policy of neutrality. He was a leading Republican supporter of the
League of Nations and served on the League's commission of jurists, which framed
the statute for the Permanent Court of International Justice (1920-21). Pres.
Warren Harding appointed him one of four U.S. delegates to the International
Conference on the Limitation of Armaments (1921-22). In his later years Root
worked closely with Andrew Carnegie on
programs for international peace and for the advancement of science.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Robert Bacon and James Brown (eds.), Collected
Speeches and Papers of E. Root, 8
vol. (1916-25); Philip C. Jessup, Elihu Root, 2 vol. (1938); Richard W. Leopold, Elihu
Root (1954).
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