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Red Cross and Red Crescent,
in full INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF THE RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT, formerly
(until 1986) INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS, humanitarian agency with national
affiliates in almost every country in the world, first established to care for
victims of battle in time of war but later aiding in the prevention and relief
of human suffering generally. Its peacetime activities include first aid,
accident prevention, water safety, training of nurses' aids and mothers'
assistants, and maintenance of maternal and child welfare centres and medical
clinics, blood banks, and numerous other services. The Red Cross is the name
used in countries under nominally Christian sponsorship; Red Crescent (adopted
on the insistence of the Ottoman Empire in 1906) is the name used in Muslim
countries.
The Red Cross arose out of the work of Jean-Henri
Dunant, a Swiss humanitarian, who, at the Battle of Solferino, in June
1859, organized emergency aid services for Austrian and French wounded. In his
book Un Souvenir de Solferino (1862;
"A Memory of Solferino") he proposed the formation in all countries of
voluntary relief societies, and in 1864 the first societies came into being.
The Geneva Convention of 1864, the first multilateral
agreement on the Red Cross, committed signatory governments to care for the
wounded of war, whether enemy or friend. Later, this convention was revised, and
new conventions were adopted to protect victims of warfare at sea (1907),
prisoners of war (1929), and civilians in time of war (1949).
The worldwide structure of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
consists of the International Committee of the Red
Cross (Comit?International de la Croix-Rouge); the League of Red Cross
and Red Crescent Societies (Ligue des Soci?? de la Croix-Rouge et du
Croissant-Rouge); and the national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. The
international committee is an independent council of 25 Swiss citizens with
headquarters at Geneva. During wartime the committee acts as an intermediary
among belligerents and also among national Red Cross societies. It also visits
prisoners in war camps and provides relief supplies, mail, and information for
their relatives. The League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, which has a
secretariat in Geneva, helps provide relief after natural disaster and aids in
the development of national societies.
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(îåä¨í®Þä, Red Cross and Red Crescent).
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International Red Cross(~1986), International Movement of the Red Cross and Red
Crescent.
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