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Marshall, George C.,
in full GEORGE CATLETT MARSHALL (b. Dec. 31, 1880, Uniontown, Pa., U.S.--d. Oct.
16, 1959, Washington, D.C.), general
of the army and U.S. Army chief of staff during World War II (1939-45) and later
U.S. secretary of state (1947-49) and of defense (1950-51). The European
Recovery Program he proposed in 1947 became known as the Marshall
Plan. He received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1953.
Marshall
was descended on both sides of his family from
settlers who had been in Virginia since the 17th century. His father, a
prosperous coke and coal merchant during his younger son's boyhood, was in
financial difficulties when George entered
the Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, in 1897.
After a poor beginning at the institute,
Marshall's record steadily improved,
and he soon showed proficiency in military subjects. Once he had decided on a
military career, he concentrated on leadership, ending his last year at the
institute as first captain of the corps of cadets.
Marshall
finished college in 1901. Immediately after
receiving his commission as second lieutenant of infantry in February 1902, he
married Elizabeth Carter Coles of Lexington and embarked for 18 months' service
in the Philippines. Marshall early
developed the rigid self-discipline, the habits of study, and the attributes of
command that eventually brought him to the top of his profession. Men who served
under him spoke of his quiet self-confidence, his lack of flamboyance, his
talent for presenting his case to both soldiers and civilians, and his ability
to make his subordinates want to do their best.
Somewhat aloof in manner, he seemed to
some acquaintances cold by nature, but he had a fierce temper held under careful
control and a great affection and warmth for those close to him. Happily married
for 25 years to his first wife until her death in 1927, he remarried three years
later, taking as his second wife a widow, Katherine Tupper Brown, whose three
children gave him the family he had hitherto lacked.
After his first service in the
Philippines (1902-03), he advanced steadily through the ranks, ultimately
becoming general of the army in December 1944. In World War I he served as chief
of operations of the 1st Division, first to go to France in 1917, and then as
the chief of operations of the 1st Army during the Meuse-Argonne offensive in
1918. After the war he served for five years as aide to General John J. Pershing
(1919-24) and for five years as assistant commandant in charge of instruction at
the infantry school, Fort Benning, Georgia (1927-33), where he strongly
influenced army doctrine as well as many officers who were to become outstanding
commanders in World War II.
He was sworn in as chief of staff of the
U.S. Army on Sept. 1, 1939, the day World War II began with Germany's invasion
of Poland. For the next six years, Marshall
directed the raising of new divisions, the training of troops, the
development of new weapons and equipment, and the selection of top commanders.
When he entered office, the United States forces consisted of fewer than 200,000
officers and men. Under his direction it expanded in less than four years to a
well-trained and well-equipped force of 8,300,000. Marshall
raised and equipped the largest ground and air force in the history of the
United States, a feat that earned him the appellation of "the organizer of
victory" from the wartime British prime minister, Winston Churchill. As the
chief representative of the U.S. chiefs of staff at the international
conferences at Casablanca, Washington, Quebec, Cairo, and Tehran, Marshall led the fight for an Allied drive on German forces across
the English Channel, in opposition to the so-called Mediterranean strategy of
the British.
A few days after Marshall resigned as chief of staff on Nov. 21, 1945, President Harry
Truman persuaded him to attempt, as his special representative, to
mediate the Chinese Civil War. Though his
efforts were unsuccessful, in January 1947 he was appointed secretary of state.
In June of that year he proposed a European Recovery Program, which, known as
the Marshall Plan, played a decisive role in the
reconstruction of war-torn Europe. Also significant during his secretaryship
were the provision of aid to Greece and Turkey, the recognition of Israel, and
the initial discussions that led to the establishment of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO). Marshall left
his position because of ill health in 1949. Then, in 1950, when he was nearly
70, President Truman called him to the post of secretary of defense, in which he
helped prepare the armed forces for the Korean War by increasing troop strength
and matériel production and by raising morale.
After 1951 General Marshall remained on the active-duty list as the highest ranking
general of the army, available for consultation by the government. In 1953 he
was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in recognition of his contributions to the
economic rehabilitation of Europe after World War II and his efforts to promote
world peace and understanding. He died at Walter Reed General Hospital,
Washington, D.C., in 1959. (F.C.P.)
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