|
Kissinger, Henry
A(lfred) (b. May 27, 1923, Fürth, Ger.), U.S.
political scientist, who, as adviser for national security affairs and secretary
of state, was a major influence in the shaping of foreign policy from 1969 to
1976 under Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald
R. Ford.
Kissinger's
family immigrated to the United States in 1938 to escape the Nazi persecution of
Jews. He became a naturalized citizen in 1943. After studying accounting at City
College, New York, he served in the U.S. Army during World War II and in the
postwar U.S. military government of Germany. He received his Ph.D. in 1954 from
Harvard and then joined the faculty as instructor, becoming professor of
government in 1962 and director of the Defense Studies Program from 1959 to
1969. He also served as a consultant on security matters to various U.S.
agencies from 1955 to 1968, spanning the administrations of Dwight D.
Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson. Kissinger's Nuclear Weapons
and Foreign Policy (1957) established him as a leading authority on U.S.
strategic policy. He opposed Secretary of State John Foster Dulles' policy of
planning nuclear "massive retaliation"
to Soviet attack, advocating instead a "flexible
response" combining the use of tactical nuclear weapons and
conventional forces, as well as the development of weapons technology in
accordance with strategic requirements. That book and The Necessity for Choice (1960), in which Kissinger limited his concept of flexible response to conventional
forces and warned of a "missile gap" between the Soviet Union and the
United States, had a significant impact on the activities of the Kennedy
administration.
Kissinger's
reputation as a political scientist led to his appointment by President Nixon as
assistant for national security affairs in December 1968. He eventually came to
serve as head of the National Security Council (1969-75) and as secretary of
state (September 1973-Jan. 20, 1977).
Kissinger
soon emerged as an influential figure in the Nixon
administration. His major diplomatic achievements involved China, the Soviet
Union, Vietnam, and the Middle East. He developed a policy of warmer U.S.
relations with the Soviet Union, détente,
which led to the strategic arms limitation talks
(SALT) in 1969. He established the pro-Pakistan policy in the India-Pakistan war
of late 1971, helped negotiate the SALT I arms agreement with the Soviet Union
(signed 1972), and developed a rapprochement between the United States and the People's
Republic of China (1972), the first official U.S. contact with that
nation since the Chinese Communists had come to power.
Although he originally advocated a
hardline policy in Vietnam and helped engineer the U.S. bombing of Cambodia
(1969-70), Kissinger later played a
major role in Nixon's Vietnamization policy--the
disengagement of U.S. troops from South Vietnam and their replacement by South
Vietnamese forces. On Jan. 23, 1973, after months of negotiations with the North
Vietnamese government in Paris, he initialled a cease-fire agreement that both
provided for the withdrawal of U.S. troops and outlined the machinery for a
permanent peace settlement between the two Vietnams. For this apparent
resolution of the Vietnam conflict, Kissinger
shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for Peace with the North Vietnamese negotiator,
Le Duc Tho (who refused the honour). (see also Index: Vietnamization, Paris
Peace Accords)
After the Arab-Israeli
war of 1973, Kissinger used
what came to be called shuttle diplomacy in disengaging the opposing armies and
promoting a truce between the belligerents. He was responsible for the
resumption of diplomatic relations between Egypt and the United States, severed
since 1967. He remained in office after Nixon's resignation in 1974, directing
the conduct of foreign affairs under President Ford. After leaving office in
1977, Kissinger became an
international consultant, writer, and lecturer. In 1983 Pres. Ronald W. Reagan
appointed him to head a national commission on Central America.
Kissinger's
later books include American Foreign
Policy (1969), The White House Years (1979),
and For the Record (1981). Biographies
of Kissinger include Marvin and
Bernard Kalb's Kissinger
(1974) and Seymour Hersh's The Price of
Power (1983), a critical view of his activities in office.
|
Ű½ÅÀú (Henry A(lfred) Kissinger).
1923. 5. 27 µ¶ÀÏ Ç¶¸£Æ®~ .
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÇÐÀÚ.
¡¡
 |
| Ű½ÅÀú |
1969~76³â ¾Èº¸¹®Á¦ Àü¹®°¡·Î¼ ¸®Ã³µå M.´Ð½¼°ú Á¦·²µå R.Æ÷µå
ÇàÁ¤ºÎ¿¡¼ ±¹¹«Àå°üÀ» Áö³»´Â µ¿¾È ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿Ü±³Á¤Ã¥
Çü¼º¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù.
Ű½ÅÀúÀÇ °¡Á·Àº 1938³â ³ªÄ¡ÀÇ À¯´ëÀÎ ¹ÚÇØ¸¦ ÇÇÇØ
¹Ì±¹À¸·Î ÀÌÁÖÇß´Ù. 1943³â ¹Ì±¹ ±¹ÀûÀ» ¾òÀº ±×´Â ´º¿åÀÇ
½ÃƼ´ëÇп¡¼ ȸ°èÇÐÀ» °øºÎÇÑ µÚ Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ¶§´Â ¹Ì±¹
À°±º¿¡¼ º¹¹«ÇßÀ¸¸ç ÀüÈÄ¿¡´Â µ¶ÀÏ ÁֵР¹Ì±ºÃ»Á¤¿¡¼
ÀÏÇß´Ù. 1954³â ÇϹöµå´ëÇб³¿¡¼ ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò°í, °°Àº
ÇØ ÀüÀÓ°»ç°¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç 1962³â Á¤Ä¡ÇÐ ±³¼ö°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1959~69³â¿¡´Â
¹æÀ§¿¬±¸°èȹ(Defense Studies Program)À» ÁÖµµÇß´Ù. 1955~68³â
Ű½ÅÀú´Â µå¿ÍÀÌÆ® D.¾ÆÀÌÁ¨ÇÏ¿ö, Á¸ F. Äɳ׵ð, L.B.Á¸½¼
ÇàÁ¤ºÎ¸¦ µÎ·ç °ÅÄ¡¸é¼ ¿©·¯ ±â°ü¿¡¼ ¾Èº¸¹®Á¦ °í¹®À¸·Î
ÀÏÇß´Ù. ±×´Â 1957³â ¡´ÇÙ¹«±â¿Í ¿Ü±³Á¤Ã¥ Nuclear Weapons and
Foreign Policy¡µÀ» ÃâÆÇÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ ¹Ì±¹ Àü·«Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ ÃÖ°í ±ÇÀ§ÀÚ·Î
ºÎ»óÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ °ø°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ '´ë·® ÇÙ º¸º¹' Á¤Ã¥À»
ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ±¹¹«Àå°ü Á¸ Æ÷½ºÅÍ ´ú·¹½º¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© Àü¼úÀû
ÇÙ¹«±â¿Í Àç·¡½Ä ¹«±â¸¦ ÇÔ²² »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â 'À¯¿¬´ëÀÀÀü·«'À»
Á¦Ã¢Çß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×´Â Àü·«Àû ¿ä±¸¿¡ ¸Â´Â ¹«±â¿Í ±â¼úÀÇ
°³¹ßÀ» ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ¡´ÇÙ¹«±â¿Í ¿Ü±³Á¤Ã¥¡µÀº 'À¯¿¬´ëÀÀÀü·«'
°³³äÀ» Àç·¡½Ä ¹«±â¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤½ÃŰ°í ¼Ò·Ã°ú ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ '¹Ì»çÀÏ
°ÝÂ÷'¸¦ °æ°íÇÑ Àú¼ ¡´¼±ÅÃÀÇ Çʿ伺 The Necessity for Choice¡µ(1960)°ú
ÇÔ²² Äɳ׵ð ÇàÁ¤ºÎÀÇ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù.
Á¤Ä¡ÇÐÀÚ·Î ¸í¼ºÀ» ¾òÀº Ű½ÅÀú´Â 1968³â 12¿ù ´Ð½¼
´ëÅë·É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±¹°¡¾Èº¸´ã´ç º¸Á°ü¿¡ ÀÓ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ
±¹°¡¾ÈÀüº¸ÀåȸÀÇ »ç¹«±¹Àå(1969~75)°ú ±¹¹«Àå°ü(1973. 9~1977. 1.
20)À» ¿ªÀÓÇß´Ù. Ű½ÅÀú´Â °ð ´Ð½¼ ÇàÁ¤ºÎ¿¡¼ ¿µÇâ·Â ÀÖ´Â
Àι°·Î ºÎ»óÇßÀ¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ Áß±¹¡¤¼Ò·Ã¡¤º£Æ®³²¡¤Áßµ¿ µîÁö¿¡¼
¿Ü±³Àû ¼º°øÀ» °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¼Ò·Ã°ú ¹Ì±¹ °£ÀÇ
±äÀå¿ÏÈÁ¤Ã¥, Áï 'µ¥ÅÁÆ®'(détente)¸¦ ÃßÁøÇß°í, 1969³â¿¡´Â
'Àü·«¹«±â Á¦ÇÑÇùÁ¤'(SALT)À» ¼º»ç½ÃÄ×´Ù. 1971³â¸» Àεµ-ÆÄŰ½ºÅº
ÀüÀïÀÌ ¹ß¹ßÇßÀ» ¶§ Ä£(öÑ)ÆÄŰ½ºÅº Á¤Ã¥À» ½Ç½ÃÇß°í, 1972³â¿¡´Â
¼Ò·Ã°ú ¹«±âÇù»óÀ» ÃßÁøÇÏ¿© SALT IÀ» ü°áÇß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×´Â
1972³â ¹Ì±¹°ú Áß±¹ÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ °³¼±½ÃÄ״µ¥, À̰ÍÀº Áß±¹
°ø»ê´çÀÌ Á¤±ÇÀ» ÀâÀº ÀÌ·¡ Áß±¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °ø½Ä
Á¢ÃËÀ̾ú´Ù.
óÀ½¿¡ ±×´Â º£Æ®³²¿¡¼ÀÇ °°æ³ë¼±°ú įº¸µð¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Æø°Ý(1969~70)À» ÁöÁöÇßÀ¸³ª, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ³²º£Æ®³²¿¡¼
¹Ì±¹ ±º´ë¸¦ ö¼öÇÏ¿© À̸¦ ³²º£Æ®³² ±º´ë·Î ´ëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â '¿ù³²È'
Á¤Ã¥¿¡¼ Áֿ俪ÇÒÀ» Çß´Ù. ¼ö°³¿ù µ¿¾È ÆÄ¸®¿¡¼ ºÏº£Æ®³²
Á¤ºÎ¿Í Çù»óÀ» ¹úÀÎ ³¡¿¡ 1973³â 1¿ù 23ÀÏ Å°½ÅÀú´Â ¹Ì±º
ö¼ö¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇϰí, ³²¡¤ºÏ º£Æ®³² »çÀÌÀÇ ¿µ±¸Àû ÆòÈÁ¤Âø
±â±¸ÀÇ Åä´ë¸¦ ¸¶·ÃÇÑ Á¤ÀüÇùÁ¤À» ÃʾÈÇß´Ù. ÀÌó·³ º£Æ®³²
ºÐÀïÀ» ÇØ°áÇÑ °ø·Î¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ¾Æ ±×´Â 1973³â ºÏº£Æ®³²
Çù»ó´ëÇ¥ ·¹ µÎÅ© Åä¿Í ÇÔ²² ³ëº§ ÆòÈ»óÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù(Åä´Â
¼ö»óÀ» °ÅÀýÇßÀ½). 1973³â Áßµ¿ÀüÀïÀÌ ¹ß¹ßÇÏÀÚ Å°½ÅÀú´Â
¼·Î ´ëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â Àû±ºÀ» ö¼ö½ÃŰ°í ±³Àü±¹°£¿¡ ÈÞÀüÇùÁ¤À»
Àå·ÁÇϱâ À§ÇØ '¿Õº¹¿Ü±³'(shuttle diplomacy)¸¦ ÆîÃÆ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ 1967³â
ÀÌ·¡ ¼Ò¿øÇØÁø ÀÌÁýÆ®¿Í ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿Ü±³°ü°è¸¦ Àç°³½ÃÄ×´Ù.
±×´Â 1974³â ´Ð½¼ÀÌ »çÀÓÇÑ µÚ¿¡µµ °è¼Ó ±¹¹«Àå°üÀ¸·Î
ÀÏÇÏ¸é¼ Æ÷µå ´ëÅë·É ¹Ø¿¡¼ ¿Ü±³¾÷¹«¸¦ ÁÖµµÇß´Ù.
1977³â ±¹¹«Àå°üÁ÷¿¡¼ ¹°·¯³ ÈÄ¿¡´Â ±¹Á¦Àû °í¹®¡¤ÀÛ°¡¡¤°¿¬ÀÚ·Î
Ȱµ¿Çß´Ù. 1983³â¿¡´Â ·Î³Îµå W. ·¹ÀÌ°Ç ´ëÅë·É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áß¾Ó
¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Àü±¹À§¿øÈ¸ÀÇ À§¿øÀå¿¡ ÀÓ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù. Ű½ÅÀúÀÇ
Èıâ Àú¼·Î´Â ¡´¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿Ü±³Á¤Ã¥ American Foreign Policy¡µ(1969)¡¤¡´¹é¾Ç°ü
½ÃÀý The White House Years¡µ(1979)¡¤¡´°ø½ÄÀ¸·Î For the Record¡µ(1981)
µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Àü±â·Î´Â ¸¶ºó Ķºê¿Í ¹ö³ªµå Ķºê°¡ ¾´
¡´Å°½ÅÀú Kissinger¡µ(1974)°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½Ã¸ð Çã½Ã´Â
Ű½ÅÀúÀÇ °øÁ÷»ýȰÀ» ºñÆÇÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶¸íÇÑ ¡´±Ç·ÂÀÇ °¡°Ý The
Price of Power¡µ(1983)À» ½è´Ù.
|