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Kellogg,
Frank B(illings) (b. Dec. 22, 1856,
Potsdam, N.Y., U.S.--d. Dec. 21, 1937, St. Paul, Minn.), U.S. secretary of state
(1925-29) whose most important achievement was the Kellogg-Briand
Pact of 1928, a multilateral agreement designed to prohibit war as an
instrument of national policy. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1929.
Kellogg
studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1877.
He achieved prominence as a lawyer representing the U.S. government in antitrust
cases and served in the U.S. Senate (1917-23) and as U.S. ambassador to Great
Britain (1923-25).
As secretary of state under President
Calvin Coolidge (1925-29), Kellogg generally
followed an isolationist policy regarding European affairs, but he helped
arrange an international conference at Geneva (1927) that sought unsuccessfully
to limit naval armaments.
In 1928 the French foreign minister, Aristide
Briand, had evolved a plan for a bilateral pact outlawing war as a tool
of national diplomacy. Kellogg delayed for months, partly fearful of a two-nation
entanglement. Prodded into action by vocal American proponents of the
"outlawry of war" movement, he succeeded in broadening the agreement
to include 62 nations, among them all the major powers. Although widely heralded
and recognized with the Nobel Prize, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was nevertheless full of loopholes and devoid of
means for effective enforcement.
Kellogg
later (1930-35) served on the Permanent Court of
International Justice.
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