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Jouhaux,
Léon (b. July 1, 1879, Paris,
Fr.--d. April 28, 1954, Paris), French Socialist and trade-union leader who was
one of the founders of the International Labour
Organisation.
A worker in a match factory from the age
of 16, Jouhaux soon became one of the
leading propagandists of revolutionary syndicalism. He was national secretary of
the matchworkers' union by 1906 and was appointed secretary general of the Confédération
Générale du Travail (CGT; General Confederation of Labour) in
1909. Before World War I he joined with German labour leaders in an attempt to
organize an antimilitary movement; but subsequently he supported the French war
effort. He attended the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919, which set up the
International Labour Legislation Commission, of which he was one of the most
active members. From this time he also urged the foundation of the Economic
Council, which was set up in 1925. He believed that trade unionism should have a
role in directing the economy but insisted that trade-union action remain
independent of political action. He refused to join Léon Blum's cabinet in 1936 but in that year agreed to the
return of the Communists to the CGT, from which they had been split since 1921.
During World War II the Vichy government
dissolved the CGT and arrested Jouhaux and
turned him over to the Germans; he spent the rest of the war in a concentration
camp. Returning to France, he was again secretary general of the reconstituted
CGT, but in 1947 he split with the now Communist majority and established in
1948 the Force Ouvrière ("Workers' Force"), which stood between
the Communists and Roman Catholic labour organizations. In 1949 he helped to
found the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, and on Nov. 5, 1951,
he received the Nobel Peace Prize.
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ÁÖ¿À (Léon Jouhaux).
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