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Institute
of International Law (French Institut
de Droit International), nongovernmental society of international law
specialists devoted to the development of international
law, founded in 1873. The
institute aims at clarifying general principles in international law and
promoting codification of the law. Its membership is restricted to 132
specialists in the theory or practice of international law. Institute
proceedings are conducted in French and English. The institute's work and
proceedings are published in the Annuaire de l'Institut de droit
international, the institute's yearbook. Headquarters, first in Ghent
(Gent), Belgium, is now in Geneva. The institute was awarded the 1904 Nobel
Peace Prize.
Reviewed
by: Institute of International Law
Founders :
Calvo,
Carlos (1824-1906), Argentine
diplomat, historian, and specialist in international law, born in Buenos Aires.
As a diplomat Calvo represented at various times both Paraguay and Argentina as
minister to Berlin, Belgium, Paris, London, Saint Petersburg, and Vienna. Today
he is remembered for his writings on international law and as one of the
founders of the Institute of International Law at Ghent (Gent), Belgium, in
1873. His principal work, The Theoretical and Practical International Law of
Europe and America, was first published in 1863. In addition, Calvo compiled
a 15-volume collection of Latin American treaties, which was published from 1862
to 1867. In the latter part of his career he enunciated the so-called Calvo
Doctrine that has since become a part of several Latin American constitutions.
This doctrine states that people living in a foreign nation should settle claims
and complaints by submitting to the jurisdiction of local courts and not by
using either diplomatic pressure or armed intervention from their own
government. The Calvo Doctrine is sometimes confused with the Drago Doctrine,
which is a narrower application of the same principle. Calvo justified his
doctrine as necessary to prevent the abuse of the jurisdiction of weak nations
by more powerful nations. Calvo's writings had a decided influence on the
development of international law in the 20th century.
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