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Nobel PEACE Prize Winners 


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Institute of International Law

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Institute of International Law (French Institut de Droit International), nongovernmental society of international law specialists devoted to the development of international law, founded in 1873. The institute aims at clarifying general principles in international law and promoting codification of the law. Its membership is restricted to 132 specialists in the theory or practice of international law. Institute proceedings are conducted in French and English. The institute's work and proceedings are published in the Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international, the institute's yearbook. Headquarters, first in Ghent (Gent), Belgium, is now in Geneva. The institute was awarded the 1904 Nobel Peace Prize.

Reviewed by: Institute of International Law

Founders : 

Calvo, Carlos (1824-1906), Argentine diplomat, historian, and specialist in international law, born in Buenos Aires. As a diplomat Calvo represented at various times both Paraguay and Argentina as minister to Berlin, Belgium, Paris, London, Saint Petersburg, and Vienna. Today he is remembered for his writings on international law and as one of the founders of the Institute of International Law at Ghent (Gent), Belgium, in 1873. His principal work, The Theoretical and Practical International Law of Europe and America, was first published in 1863. In addition, Calvo compiled a 15-volume collection of Latin American treaties, which was published from 1862 to 1867. In the latter part of his career he enunciated the so-called Calvo Doctrine that has since become a part of several Latin American constitutions. This doctrine states that people living in a foreign nation should settle claims and complaints by submitting to the jurisdiction of local courts and not by using either diplomatic pressure or armed intervention from their own government. The Calvo Doctrine is sometimes confused with the Drago Doctrine, which is a narrower application of the same principle. Calvo justified his doctrine as necessary to prevent the abuse of the jurisdiction of weak nations by more powerful nations. Calvo's writings had a decided influence on the development of international law in the 20th century.

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