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Hull, Cordell
(b. Oct. 2, 1871, Overton county, Tenn., U.S.--d. July 23, 1955, Bethesda, Md.),
U.S. secretary of state (1933-44) whose initiation of the reciprocal trade
program to lower tariffs set in motion the mechanism for expanded world trade in
the 20th century; in 1945 he received the Nobel Peace Prize for his part in
organizing the United Nations.
As a young Tennessee attorney, Hull
early identified with the Democratic Party. He served in the U.S. House of
Representatives for 22 years (1907-21, 1923-31) and in the Senate (1931-33).
Appointed secretary of state by President Franklin D.
Roosevelt at the beginning of the New Deal, he called for a reversal of
high tariff barriers that had increasingly stultified U.S. foreign trade since
the 19th century. He first won presidential support and public acclaim for such
proposals at the inter-American Montevideo Conference (December 1933). He next
succeeded in getting Congress to pass the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (March
1934), which set the pattern for tariff reduction on a most-favoured-nation
basis and was a forerunner to the international General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), begun in 1948.
Throughout the 1930s Hull did much to improve U.S. relations with Latin
America by implementing what came to be known as the Good
Neighbor Policy. At the Montevideo Pan-American Conference (1933) his
self-effacing behaviour and acceptance of the principle of nonintervention in
the internal affairs of other nations began to counteract the distrust built up
through decades of Yankee imperialism in Latin America. He also attended the
Pan-American Conference at Buenos Aires (1936) and a special foreign ministers'
conference at Havana (1940). Because of the favourable climate of opinion that
he had largely created, Hull successfully
sponsored a united front of American republics against Axis aggression during
World War II.
In East Asia, he rejected a proposed "Japanese
Monroe Doctrine" that would have given that country a free hand in China
(1934). When Japan served notice later that year that it would not renew the
naval-limitation treaties (due to expire in 1936), Hull
announced a policy of maintenance of U.S. interests in the Pacific,
continuing friendship with China, and military preparedness.
With the outbreak of World War II, Hull
and Roosevelt felt that efforts to maintain neutrality would only encourage
aggression by the Axis powers; they therefore decided to aid the Allies. In the
crucial negotiations with Japan in the autumn of 1941, Hull
stood firm for the rights of China, urging Japan to abandon its military
conquests on the mainland.
When the United States entered the war, Hull
and his State Department colleagues began planning an international postwar
peace-keeping body. At the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers
(1943)--despite his frail health and advancing age--he obtained a four-nation
pledge to continue wartime cooperation in a postwar world organization aimed at
maintaining peace and security. For this work, President Roosevelt described Hull
as "father of the United Nations," and universal recognition of
his key role came with the Nobel Prize. He resigned after the 1944 presidential
election and wrote his Memoirs of Cordell
Hull (1950).
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