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Henderson, Arthur
(b. Sept. 13, 1863, Glasgow--d. Oct. 20, 1935, London), one of the chief
organizers of the British Labour Party,
secretary of state for foreign affairs from June 1929 to August 1931, and winner
in 1934 of the Nobel Prize for Peace.
An iron molder at Robert Stephenson's
locomotive works and foundry in Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, Henderson
became secretary of the Newcastle local of the Ironfounders' Union, served
as a Liberal Party member of the municipal councils of Newcastle, Darlington,
and Durham, and in 1903 was elected mayor of Darlington. Later that year he was
sent to the House of Commons as a Labour Party member from Barnard Castle
Division, Durham, in what was the first electoral victory of a Labourite over
candidates from both the Conservative and Liberal parties. Although never an
outstanding orator, he was chief party whip in the Commons in 1914, 1921-23, and
1925-27. In 1908-10 and 1914-17 he was chairman of the Labour Party, and from
1911 to 1934 he held the more demanding office of party secretary.
In August 1914 Henderson, with the majority of the Labour members of the Commons,
expressed support for the British effort in World War I. He thereupon took over
the party's parliamentary leadership from Ramsay MacDonald, who then headed the
Labourites' pacifist minority. In H.H. Asquith's wartime coalition government of
May 1915-December 1916, Henderson first
was president of the Board of Education and later became paymaster general and
governmental adviser on labour matters. When David Lloyd George succeeded
Asquith, Henderson, who had lined up
Labour behind the new prime minister, became a minister without portfolio in the
five-man war Cabinet. In the summer of 1917 he visited Russia and accepted the
plan of Aleksandr Kerensky's revolutionary provisional government for an
international Socialist conference in Stockholm. At first Lloyd George seemed to
favour the idea, but he later changed his mind and Henderson resigned from the Cabinet (August 12).
During 1918 Henderson devoted his energies to the party secretaryship. With the
Socialist reformer Sidney Webb he largely wrote the party constitution, which
made Labour for the first time an avowed Socialist party with effective
constituency organizations. Six years later, when Labour held power for the
first time (January-November 1924), Henderson
served as home secretary under MacDonald.
As foreign secretary in MacDonald's
second Labour ministry, he strongly supported the League of Nations, and in May
1931 he was chosen to head the World Disarmament Conference, which was to meet
in Geneva intermittently from February 1932. He resigned as foreign secretary
when MacDonald formed a national coalition government in August 1931. By that
time he was fully occupied with disarmament work (for which he was to receive
the Nobel Prize). His last important service was performed in July 1933, when he
visited Paris, Rome, Berlin, Prague, and Munich (where he met Adolf Hitler) to
promote an armament limitation plan.
Arthur Henderson by Mary Agnes
Hamilton, was published in 1938.
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