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Chamberlain, Sir
(Joseph) Austen (b. Oct. 16, 1863, Birmingham,
Warwickshire, Eng.--d. March 16, 1937, London), British foreign secretary from
1924 to 1929, who helped bring about the Locarno Pact
(1925), a group of treaties intended to secure peace in western Europe by
eliminating the possibility of border disputes involving Germany. The pact
gained for Chamberlain a share (with
Vice Pres. Charles Gates Dawes of the United States) of the Nobel Peace Prize
for 1925.
The eldest son of the statesman Joseph Chamberlain,
Austen was half-brother to the future prime minister Neville Chamberlain.
Entering the House of Commons in 1892, he rose to be postmaster general (1902)
and chancellor of the exchequer (1903-05). He was a strong candidate to succeed
former prime minister Arthur James Balfour as Conservative Party leader (1911)
but withdrew in favour of Bonar Law. During World War I, Chamberlain
was secretary of state for India (1915-17) and a member of the war Cabinet
(1918-19). After the war, he became chancellor of the exchequer once more
(1919-21) and lord privy seal (1921-22). From March 1921 until October 1922 he
was Conservative Party leader. He then remained outside the government during
the ministries of Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin (1922-24) but returned to office
as foreign secretary in Baldwin's second government (1924-29).
The Locarno Pact, concluded on Chamberlain's
62nd birthday (Oct. 16, 1925) by Great Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, and
Germany, was the high point of his foreign secretaryship; he lost popularity
after the failure of the Geneva Conference on naval limitations (August 1927)
and the abortive and needlessly secret Anglo-French disarmament negotiations
(July 1928). He left office with Stanley Baldwin's second ministry in June 1929,
returned briefly (August-October 1931) as first lord of the admiralty, and then
passed the rest of his life as an elder statesman.
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