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Butler,
Nicholas Murray (b. April 2, 1862,
Elizabeth, N.J., U.S.--d. Dec. 7, 1947, New York, N.Y.), American educator,
publicist, and political figure who was a Nobel laureate and served as president
of Columbia University from 1901 to 1945.
Butler
was educated at Columbia College, which became his
intellectual and occupational home for the rest of his life. There, under the
influence of F.A.P. Barnard (president of the college), he decided to prepare
for a professional career in education. After completing his undergraduate work
in 1882, Butler continued at Columbia
as a graduate fellow in philosophy, taking his Ph.D. in 1884. A year in Paris
and Berlin completed his formal education. He was appointed an assistant in
philosophy at Columbia in 1885, becoming professor of philosophy and education
in 1890 and president of the university in 1901. He held the latter post until
his retirement in 1945. Under his leadership Columbia grew from a provincial
college into a university of world renown.
As a young man Butler strongly criticized the pedagogical methods of his time. As
founder and president of the Industrial Education Association (1886-91) he
played a central role in the establishment of the New York College for the
Training of Teachers (later part of Columbia University). In later years,
however, he criticized pedagogical reform itself, steadfastly defending the
"great tradition" of humanism in education and lashing out against
such contemporary trends as vocationalism in education and behaviourism in
psychology as the "new barbarism." (see also Teachers College)
Butler
was a champion of international understanding,
helping to establish the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, of which he
was a trustee and later president (1925-45). In 1931 he shared with Jane Addams
the Nobel Prize for Peace. He was active in the councils of the Republican Party
for more than half a century, attending many national conventions. He was also
president of the American Academy of Arts and Letters (1928-41).
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