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(b. Aug. 7, 1904, Detroit--d. Dec. 9, 1971, New York City), U.S. diplomat, a key member
of the United Nations for more than two decades, and winner of the 1950 Nobel Prize for
Peace for his successful negotiation of an Arab-Israeli truce in Palestine the previous
year.
Earning graduate degrees in government
and international relations at Harvard University (1928, 1934), Bunche
joined the faculty of Howard University, Washington, D.C., where he set up a
department of political science. Meanwhile, he travelled through French West
Africa on a Rosenwald field fellowship, studying the administration of French
Togoland, a mandated area, and Dahomey, a colony. He later did postdoctoral
research at Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., and at the London School of
Economics before returning to Africa for further studies in colonial policy.
Between 1938 and 1940 he collaborated with Gunnar Myrdal, the Swedish
sociologist, in the monumental study of U.S. race relations, published as An American Dilemma in 1944. (see also Index: "American Dilemma: The Negro
Problem and Modern Democracy, An")
During World War II Bunche served in the U.S. War Department, the Office of Strategic
Services, and the State Department. He was active in the preliminary planning
for the United Nations at the San Francisco Conference of 1945 and in 1947
joined the permanent UN Secretariat in New York as director of the new
Trusteeship Department.
Asked by Secretary General Trygve Lie to
aid a UN special committee appointed to negotiate a settlement between warring
Palestinian Arabs and Jews, he was thrust unexpectedly into the principal role
when the chief mediator, Count Folke Bernadotte, was assassinated (1948). Bunche
finally negotiated armistices between February and May 1949.
Elevated in 1955 to the post of
undersecretary and two years later to undersecretary for special political
affairs, Bunche became chief
troubleshooter for Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld. One task he
undertook was the UN program concerning peaceful uses of atomic energy. In 1956
he supervised the deployment of a 6,000-man UN neutral force in the area of the
Suez Canal following the invasion of that area by British, French, and Israeli
troops. In 1960 he again found himself in charge of UN peacekeeping
machinery--this time in the Congo. Finally, in 1964 he went to Cyprus to direct
the 6,000 neutral troops that intervened between hostile Greek Cypriots and
Turks.
Attracting some criticism for seeming to
neglect the black freedom movement at home during the 1950s and 1960s, Bunche
began to speak out more directly on U.S. racial discrimination. In addition,
though not in the best of health, he participated in the 1965 civil rights
marches in both Selma and Montgomery, Ala., and also served as a board member
for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for 22 years.
Ralph was published in 1995.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Peggy Mann, Ralph Bunche (1975); Benjamin Rivlin (ed.), Ralph
Bunche
(1990); Brian Urquhart, Ralph
Bunche (1993).
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