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Buisson, Ferdinand-Édouard
(b. Dec. 20, 1841, Paris--d. Feb. 16,
1932, Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine, Fr.), French educator who reorganized the French
primary school system and who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1927
jointly with the German pacifist Ludwig Quidde.
Refusing to take the teacher's oath of
loyalty to the French Second Empire of Napoleon III, Buisson went to Switzerland, teaching philosophy at Neuchâtel
from 1866 to 1870. In 1867 he took part in the first Geneva peace conference,
where he advocated a United States of Europe. After the fall of Paris in the
Franco-German War of 1870-71, he organized an asylum for war orphans. Under the
French Third Republic he was appointed inspector general of the Paris public
schools in 1871, but he was forced to resign for recommending the elimination of
religious instruction. As national director of elementary education (1879-96),
he aided Premier Jules Ferry in drafting statutes that took the public schools
out of church control (1881, 1886) and made primary education free and
compulsory (1882). After teaching at the Sorbonne (1896-1902), he sat in the
national Chamber of Deputies (1902-14, 1919-23).
In 1898 Buisson helped to found the Ligue des Droits de l'Homme (League of
Human Rights). His peacemaking efforts as its president from 1913 to 1926,
including the period of World War I, in addition to his postwar work for
Franco-German amity, earned him the Nobel Prize.
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