|
Briand, Aristide
(b. March 28, 1862, Nantes, France--d. March 7, 1932, Paris), statesman who
served 11 times as premier of France, holding a total of 26 ministerial posts
between 1906 and 1932. His efforts for international cooperation, the League of
Nations, and world peace brought him the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1926, which he
shared with Gustav Stresemann of Germany.
As a law student, Briand became associated with left-wing causes, writing for such
publications as Le Peuple, La Lanterne,
and Petite République, and in
1904 he joined Jean Jaurès in founding L'Humanité.
In 1894 Briand succeeded in getting the sharply divided French trade
unionists to adopt the general strike as a political tactic at a workers'
congress at Nantes. After three unsuccessful attempts (1889, 1893, and 1898) to
be elected to the Chamber of Deputies, Briand
became secretary-general of the Socialist Party in 1901. In 1902 he finally
won election as a deputy from the Loire département
and remained a member of the chamber until his death.
Briand's
first great success in government came with his work on the commission that
drafted a law of separation of church and state in 1905; he succeeded in
carrying this reform into law with only slight modifications. This achievement
led to his appointment as minister of public education and culture in March
1906, but his acceptance of a post in a bourgeois Cabinet widened his break with
Jaurès and other Socialists. Unlike Jaurès, Briand contended that the Socialists should cooperate with the
Radicals in all matters of reform. After serving another term as education
minister in the first government of Georges Clemenceau (1906-09), he became
premier from July 1909 to November 1910. He served two more terms, briefly,
before his plan for proportional representation met defeat in the Senate in
March 1913.
On the fall of the Cabinet of René
Viviani in October 1915, Briand again
became premier; he also took control of foreign affairs. He formed his sixth
Cabinet in December 1916 but still failed to cope with the lagging war effort.
Forced to resign (March 1917) because of mounting pressures and the unsuccessful
Balkan campaign, he spent the next three years taking little part in public
affairs except for his outspoken advocacy of the League of Nations and the
concept of collective security. He returned to the premiership in January 1921,
but his failures in foreign policy forced his resignation on Jan. 12, 1922.
In April 1925, under Premier Paul
Painlevé, he again took the post of foreign minister--a post he held in
14 successive governments, four of which (three in 1925-26, the last in 1929) he
headed himself. During that period his successes were the Pact
of Locarno (1925), in which he, Gustav Stresemann of Germany, and Austen
Chamberlain of Britain sought to normalize relations between Germany and its
former enemies; and the Kellogg-Briand Pact
(Aug. 27, 1928), in which 60 nations agreed to outlaw war as an instrument of
national policy. In December 1930 Briand publicly,
and boldly for the times, advocated a federal union of Europe. He finally
retired in January 1932, after an unsuccessful campaign for the presidency of
the French Republic, and died shortly thereafter.
|
ºê¸®¾Ó (Aristide Briand).
1862. 3. 28 ÇÁ¶û½º ³¶Æ®~1932. 3. 7
ÆÄ¸®.
ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°¡.
¡¡
 |
| ºê¸®¾Ó(1913) |
11Â÷·Ê¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÃѸ®¸¦ Áö³ÂÀ¸¸ç, 1906~32³â ¸ðµÎ 26Â÷·Ê
Àå°üÁ÷¿¡ ¿Ã¶ú´Ù. ±¹Á¦Çù·Â°ú ¼¼°èÆòÈ¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÑ °ø·Î¸¦
ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ¾Æ 1926³â ³ëº§ ÆòÈ»óÀ» ¼ö»óÇß´Ù.
±×´Â ¹ýÇеµ·Î¼ »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿¿¡ ¸Å·áµÇ¾î ¡´Ç£Çà Peuple¡µ¡¤¡´¶ûÅ׸¥
La Lanterne¡µ¡¤¡´ÇÁƼƮ ·¹Ç¶ºí¸®Å© Petite Republique¡µÁö(ò¼)¿¡
³í¼³À» ±â°íÇß°í, 1904³â Á¶·¹½º°ú ÇÔ²² ¡´À§¸¶´ÏÅ× L'Humanit页¸¦
â°£Çß´Ù. 1894³â ºê¸®¾ÓÀº ³¶Æ®ÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ´ëȸ¿¡ Âü°¡ÇØ
Çö½ÇÀûÀÎ Àü·«À¸·Î½á ÃÑÆÄ¾÷À» °áÀÇÇϵµ·Ï ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ»
Çà»çÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ °áÁ¤Àº Á¶·¹½º°¡ À̲ô´Â ¿Â°Ç
»çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú Áæ °Ôµå°¡ À̲ô´Â ±ÞÁø ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµé
»çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÌÇØ´ÜÀýÀÇ ±íÀº °ñÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. 3Â÷·Ê(1889, 1893, 1898)
ÃѼ±¿¡¼ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ µÚ 1901³â »çȸ´ç ÃѼ±â¿¡ ¿Ã¶úÀ¸¸ç,
À̵ëÇØ ·ç¾Æ¸£ ÁÖ¿¡¼ ÇÏ¿øÀÇ¿øÀ¸·Î ´ç¼±µÇ¾î Á×À» ¶§±îÁö
ÀǼ®À» ÁöÄ×´Ù.
ºê¸®¾ÓÀÌ Á¤°è¿¡¼ °ÅµÐ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¼º°øÀº 1905³âÀÇ
Á¤±³ºÐ¸®ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿À̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ º¸°í¼´Â '±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ
ºÐ¸®'¶ó´Â Á¦¸íÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ºê¸®¾ÓÀº
1906³â 3¿ù ±³À°¹®ÈºÎ Àå°üÀ¸·Î ÀÓ¸íµÇ¾úÁö¸¸ ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾Æ
Á¤ºÎÀÇ Á÷Ã¥À» ¼ö¶ôÇß´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°úÀÇ °ü°è´Â
´õ¿í ¼Ò¿øÇØÁ³´Ù. ¾Æ¸®½ºÆ¼µå ºê¸®¾ÓÀº 1906~09³â Á¶¸£ÁÖ
Ŭ·¹¸Á¼ÒÀÇ 1Â÷ ³»°¢¿¡¼ ´Ù½Ã ±³À°ºÎ Àå°üÁ÷À» Áö³½ µÚ 1909³â
7¿ùºÎÅÍ 1910³â 11¿ù±îÁö ÃѸ®Á÷À» ¼öÇàÇßÀ¸¸ç, ½º½º·Î ÀÛ¼ºÇÑ
ºñ·Ê´ëÇ¥Á¦¾ÈÀÌ 1913³â 3¿ù¿¡ »ó¿ø¿¡¼ ºÎ°áµÇ±â Á÷Àü±îÁö
Àá±ñ µ¿¾ÈÀÌÁö¸¸ 2Â÷·Ê ´õ ³»°¢À» ±¸¼ºÇß´Ù.
1915³â 10¿ù ¸£³× ºñºñ¾Æ´Ï ³»°¢ÀÌ ºØ±«µÇÀÚ ºê¸®¾ÓÀº ´Ù½Ã
ÃѸ®¿¡ ¿Ã¶ú°í À̹ø¿¡´Â ¿Ü¹«±îÁö °üÀåÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1916³â 12¿ù¿¡
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ 6¹øÂ° ³»°¢À» ±¸¼ºÇßÀ¸³ª ÁöÁöºÎÁøÇÏ°Ô °è¼ÓµÇ´ø
ÀüÀïÀ» Á¾½Ä½ÃŰ´Â µ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇßÀ¸¸ç, À̵ëÇØ 3¿ù¿¡´Â °¡ÁߵǴÂ
¾Ð·Â°ú ¹ßÄ ¹Ýµµ¿¡¼ÀÇ ÆÐÀüÀ¸·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ »çÅðÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ»
¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ºê¸®¾ÓÀº ÀÌÈÄ 3³â µ¿¾È ±¹Á¦¿¬¸Í°ú Áý´Ü¾Èº¸ÀÇ
°³³äÀ» ÁÖâÇÑ °Í ¿Ü¿¡´Â °ø¹«¿¡ °ÅÀÇ °ü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. 1921³â
1¿ù ÃѸ®Á÷¿¡ º¹±ÍÇßÀ¸³ª ¿ÜÁ¤¿¡¼ÀÇ ½ÇÆÐ·Î ÀÎÇØ 1922³â 1¿ù
12ÀÏ ¹°·¯³µ´Ù. 1925³â 4¿ù ºê¸®¾ÓÀº Æë¸£º£ ³»°¢ÀÇ
¿Ü¹«Àå°üÀ¸·Î ÃëÀÓÇÔÀ¸·Î½á 14°³ ³»°¢¿¡¼ ¿¬¼Ó °¢·áÁ÷À»
¼öÇàÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 14°³ÀÇ ³»°¢ Áß 1925~26³âÀÇ 3°³¿Í 1929³âÀÇ 1°³
³»°¢Àº ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÃѸ®Á÷À» ¼öÇàÇß´Ù. ¿Ü¹«Àå°ü ½ÃÀý
ºê¸®¾ÓÀº ·ÎÄ«¸£³ë
Á¶¾à°ú Ä̷α×-ºê¸®¾Ó
Á¶¾àÀ̶ó´Â ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â °á½ÇÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾î³Â´Ù. ·ÎÄ«¸£³ë¿¡¼
ºê¸®¾ÓÀº µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ½´Æ®·¹Á¦¸¸,
¿µ±¹ÀÇ Ã¼ÀÓ¹ú¸°
ÃѸ®¿Í ÇÔ²² µ¶Àϰú ¿¬ÇÕ±¹ »çÀÌÀÇ °ü°èÁ¤»óÈ¿¡ ³ë·ÂÇß°í, Ä̷α×-ºê¸®¾Ó
ÇùÁ¤¿¡¼ ¼¼°è 60¿© °³±¹Àº Á¤Ã¥¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ÀüÀïÀÇ
¼öÇàÀ» ºÒ¹ýȽÃÄ×´Ù. 1930³â 12¿ù ºê¸®¾ÓÀº °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î
±×¸®°í ´ç½Ã·Î¼´Â ´ã´ëÇÏ°Ô À¯·´ÀÇ ¿¬¹æÈ¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. 1932³â
1¿ù ´ëÅë·É¼±°Å¿¡¼ ÆÐ¹è ÈÄ ÀºÅðÇߴµ¥ ±×µÚ ¾ó¸¶ µÇÁö
¾Ê¾Æ »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù.
|
|
·ÎÄ«¸£³ë
Á¶¾à (¡ª¡ª ðÉå³, Pact of Locarno).
µ¶ÀÏ¡¤ÇÁ¶û½º¡¤º§±â¿¡¡¤¿µ±¹¡¤ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ°¡ ¼À¯·´ÀÇ Æòȸ¦
»óÈ£ º¸ÀåÇÑ Á¶¾à(1925. 12. 1).
10¿ù 16ÀÏ ½ºÀ§½º ·ÎÄ«¸£³ë¿¡¼ ¹ßÀÇÇØ 12¿ù 1ÀÏ ·±´ø¿¡¼
Á¶ÀÎÇß´Ù.
ÀÌ Á¶¾àÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. ¨ç µ¶ÀÏ¡¤º§±â¿¡¡¤ÇÁ¶û½º¡¤¿µ±¹¡¤ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ
»çÀÌÀÇ »óÈ£º¸ÀåÁ¶¾à, ¨è µ¶Àϰú º§±â¿¡, µ¶Àϰú ÇÁ¶û½º
»çÀÌÀÇ ÁßÀç ÇùÁ¤, ¨é ±¹Á¦¿¬¸Í ±Ô¾à Á¦16Á¶¿¡ ¸í½ÃµÈ ±Ô¾à
À§¹Ý ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦ÀçÁ¶Ä¡¸¦ ¿¬ÇÕ±¹°ú µ¶ÀÏ¿¡ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â
¹®¼, ¨ê ÇÁ¶û½º¿Í Æú¶õµå, ÇÁ¶û½º¿Í üÄÚ½½·Î¹ÙŰ¾Æ »çÀÌÀÇ
º¸ÀåÁ¶¾à µîÀÌ´Ù.
º¸ÀåÁ¶¾àÀº º£¸£»çÀ¯ Á¶¾àÀÌ Á¤ÇÑ µ¶ÀÏ-º§±â¿¡, ÇÁ¶û½º-µ¶ÀÏ
±¹°æÀº ħ¹üÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, µ¶ÀÏ¡¤º§±â¿¡¡¤ÇÁ¶û½º´Â 'Á¤´ç¹æÀ§'
¶Ç´Â ±¹Á¦¿¬¸ÍÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ ÀÌÇàÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ¼·Î
°ø°ÝÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, »óÈ£ºÐÀïÀº ÆòÈÀû ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇØ°áÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ
ÇùÁ¤ÀÌ ÆÄ±âµÈ °æ¿ì Á¶Àα¹µéÀº ±¹Á¦¿¬¸ÍÀÌ °ø°Ý´çÇß´Ù°í
ÆÇÁ¤ÇÑ Æí¿¡ ¼°Ô µÇ¸ç, '¸í¹éÇÑ À§¹Ý'ÀÇ °æ¿ìµµ
¸¶Âù°¡Áö¶ó´Â ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½º¿Í Æú¶õµå,
ÇÁ¶û½º¿Í üÄÚ½½·Î¹ÙŰ¾Æ »çÀÌ¿¡ ü°áµÈ Á¶¾àÀº µµ¹ßÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀº °ø°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ¼·Î Áö¿øÇØÁÙ °ÍÀ» ±ÔÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
·ÎÄ«¸£³ë Á¶¾àÀ¸·Î ¿¬ÇÕ±¹Àº °èȹº¸´Ù 5³â ¾Õ¼± 1930³â
¶óÀζõÆ®¿¡¼ ö¼öÇß´Ù.
·ÎÄ«¸£³ë Á¶¾àÀº µ¶ÀÏÀÌ ¼ÂÊ ±¹°æÀ» ¹Ù²Ù±â À§ÇÑ
¹«·Â»ç¿ëÀ» ´Ü³äÇÏ°í µ¿ÂÊ ±¹°æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁßÀç¾ÈÀ»
¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù´Â Á¡°ú, ¿µ±¹ÀÌ Æú¶õµå¿Í üÄÚ½½·Î¹ÙŰ¾Æ¸¦
Á¦¿ÜÇϰí ÇÁ¶û½º¿Í º§±â¿¡¸¸À» ¹æ¾îÇϱâ·Î ¾à¼ÓÇÑ Á¡¿¡¼
±× ºÐ¸íÇÑ ÀÇÀǸ¦ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 1936³â 3¿ù µ¶ÀÏÀº
º£¸£»çÀ¯ Á¶¾à¿¡ µû¶ó ¹«ÀåÇØÁ¦µÈ ¶óÀζõÆ®·Î ±º´ë¸¦
º¸³»¸é¼ ·ÎÄ«¸£³ë Á¶¾àÀ¸·Î Á¶¼ºµÇ¾ú´ø »óȲÀº 1935³â
ÇÁ¶û½º-¼Ò·Ã µ¿¸ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ º¯ÁúµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù.
ÇÁ¶û½º´Â µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ÀÌ·± ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀ» ·ÎÄ«¸£³ë Á¶¾àÀÇ '¸í¹éÇÑ
À§¹Ý'À¸·Î ¿©°åÀ¸³ª ¿µ±¹Àº ÀÌ·¸°Ô º¸Áö ¾Ê°í ¾î¶² Çൿµµ
ÃëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀº 1938³â üÄÚ½½·Î¹ÙŰ¾Æ¿ÍÀÇ ºÐÀïÀ̳ª
1939³â Æú¶õµå¿ÍÀÇ ºÐÀï¿¡¼ ÁßÀ縦 ÅëÇØ ÇØ°áÇÏ·Á´Â ¾î¶²
³ë·Âµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
|