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Brandt, Willy,
original name HERBERT ERNST KARL FRAHM (b. Dec. 18, 1913, Lübeck, Ger.--d.
Oct. 8/9, 1992, Unkel, near Bonn), German statesman, leader of the German Social
Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, or
SPD) from 1964 to 1987, and chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from
1969 to 1974.
He passed his university entrance
examination in 1932. A year later, however, when the Nazis came to power, his
activities as a young Social Democrat brought him into conflict with the
Gestapo, and he had to flee the country to escape arrest. It was at this time
that he assumed the name Willy Brandt.
He went to Norway and earned a living as a journalist. When the Germans occupied
Norway he escaped to Sweden, where he remained for the duration of World War II.
After the war he returned to Germany as a Norwegian citizen and for a time was
press attaché at the Norwegian mission in Berlin.
Pressed to return to politics, he became
a German citizen again and, after a period as Berlin representative of the
Social Democratic Party Executive Committee, was elected a member of the federal
parliament in 1949. Eight years later he became governing mayor of West Berlin
(1957-66), a post in which he achieved world fame. He showed great moral courage
when the Soviet Union demanded (1958) that West Berlin be given the title of a
demilitarized free city and especially when the Berlin Wall was built in 1961.
He succeeded Erich Ollenhauer as chairman of the SPD in 1964 and campaigned for
the office of chancellor of West Germany three times--in 1961, 1965, and 1969.
When the grand coalition government of
Christian Democrats and Social Democrats was formed in 1966, Brandt
became foreign minister and vice-chancellor. His party improved its
performance at the federal election in 1969 and formed a coalition government
with the small Free Democratic Party, pushing the Christian Democrats into the
role of opposition party for the first time. The first major decision of his
government was to revalue the West German mark, and the second, to sign the
nuclear nonproliferation treaty.
The year following his election as
chancellor, Brandt concentrated on
foreign affairs, and he particularly sought to improve relations with East
Germany, other Communist nations in eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union,
formulating a policy known as Ostpolitik
("eastern policy"). His efforts led to a treaty with the Soviet Union
in August 1970 calling for mutual renunciation of force and the acceptance of
current European borders; to a nonaggression treaty with Poland in December 1970
recognizing the Oder-Neisse line as Poland's western boundary; and to the Big
Four agreement in September 1971 on the status of Berlin. His treaty with Poland
was controversial; detractors claimed that it signaled the loss of German lands
occupied after World War II, while supporters praised it for opening the
possibility of reuniting Germany and stabilizing relations with eastern Europe.
A firm supporter of a united Europe, Brandt exerted his influence to break down French objections to
enlarging the European Economic Community (EEC).
More than any other statesman he helped promote the entry of Britain and other
countries to the EEC.
Brandt
resigned in May 1974 after his close aide Gunther
Guillaume was unmasked as an East German spy. He remained the chairman of the
SPD until 1987 and was also head of the Socialist International (the Social
Democrats' umbrella organization) from 1976 to 1992. From 1979 he also headed
the Independent Commission on International Development Issues, known as the Brandt
Commission, a prestigious independent panel that studied world economic
policies.
Brandt
received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971 for his
continuing work toward reconciliation between West Germany and the Soviet bloc.
He wrote several books, including Willy
Brandt translated
from the German by R.W. Last (1971), and People
and Politics: The Years 1960-1975, translated by J.M. Brownjohn (1978). The
latter comprises Brandt's political
memoirs.
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