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Addams, Jane
(b. Sept. 6, 1860, Cedarville, Ill., U.S.--d. May 21, 1935, Chicago, Ill.),
American social reformer and pacifist, cowinner (with Nicholas Murray Butler) of
the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1931. She is probably best known as the founder of Hull
House, Chicago, one of the first social settlements in North America.
After graduation from Rockford (Ill.)
College in 1881, Addams entered the
Woman's Medical College, Philadelphia, but her health failed, and for two years
she was an invalid. Then (1883-85, 1887-88) she traveled extensively in Europe,
visiting the Toynbee Hall settlement house
(founded 1884) in the Whitechapel industrial district of London. Upon returning
to the United States, she and her traveling companion, Ellen Gates Starr,
determined to create something like Toynbee Hall. In a working-class district in
Chicago, they acquired a large vacant residence
built by Charles Hull in 1856, and, calling it Hull House, they moved into it on
Sept. 18, 1889. Eventually the settlement included 13 buildings and a
playground, as well as a camp near Lake Geneva, Wis. Many prominent social
workers and reformers--Julia Lathrop, Florence Kelley, Grace and Edith
Abbott--came to live at Hull House, as did others who continued to make their
living in business or the arts while helping Addams in settlement activities.
Among the facilities at Hull House were
included a day nursery, a gymnasium, a community kitchen, and a boarding club
for working girls. Hull House offered college-level courses in various subjects;
furnished training in art, music, and crafts such as bookbinding; and sponsored
one of the earliest little-theatre groups, the Hull House Players. In addition
to making available services and cultural opportunities for the largely
immigrant population of the neighbourhood, Hull House afforded an opportunity
for young social workers to acquire training.
Addams
worked with labour as well as other reform groups
toward goals including the first juvenile-court law, tenement-house regulation,
an eight-hour working day for women, factory inspection, and worker's
compensation. She strove in addition for justice for immigrants and blacks,
advocated research aimed at determining the causes of poverty and crime, and
supported woman suffrage. In 1910 she became the first woman president of the
National Conference of Social Work, and in 1912 she played an active part in the
Progressive Party's presidential campaign for Theodore Roosevelt. At The Hague
in 1915 she served as chairman of the International Congress of Women, following
which was established the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.
The establishment of the Chicago campus
of the University of Illinois in 1963 forced the Hull House Association to
relocate its headquarters. The majority of its original buildings were
demolished, but the Hull residence itself was preserved as a monument to Jane
Addams.
Among Addams'
books are Democracy and Social Ethics
(1902), Newer Ideals of Peace (1907), Twenty
Years at Hull-House (1910), and The
Second Twenty Years at Hull-House (1930).
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¾Ö´ý½º (Jane Addams).
1860. 9. 6 ¹Ì±¹ Àϸ®³ëÀÌ ½Ã´õºô~1935.
5. 21 ½ÃÄ«°í.
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