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Abolitionism
Jesusi.com
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Whittier, John
Greenleaf
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ÈÖÆ¼¾î
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Whittier, John Greenleaf
(b. Dec. 17,
1807, near Haverhill, Mass., U.S.--d. Sept. 7, 1892, Hampton Falls, Mass.),
American poet and Abolitionist who, in the latter part of his life, shared with
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow the distinction of being a household name in both
England and the United States.
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ÈÖÆ¼¾î (John Greenleaf Whittier).
1807. 12. 17 ¹Ì±¹ ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷
ÇìÀ̹öÈú ±Ùó~1892. 9. 7 ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷ ÇÜÇÁÅÏÆú½º. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ
ÀÛ°¡, ³ë¿¹Á¦ ÆóÁö·ÐÀÚ.
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| Born on a farm into a Quaker family,
Whittier had only a limited formal education. He became an avid reader of
British poetry, however, and was especially influenced by the Scotsman Robert
Burns, whose lyrical treatment of everyday rural life reinforced his own
inclination to be a writer. |
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| Whittier's career naturally divides into
four periods: poet and journalist (1826-32), Abolitionist (1833-42), writer and
humanitarian (1843-65), and Quaker poet (1866-92). At age 19 his poem "The
Exile's Departure" was accepted by the Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison
for publication in the Newburyport Free
Press. Garrison encouraged other poetic contributions from Whittier, and the
two men became friends and associates in the Abolitionist cause. Whittier soon
turned to journalism. He edited newspapers in Boston and Haverhill and by 1830
had become editor of the New England
Weekly Review in Hartford, Conn., the most important Whig journal in New
England. He also continued writing verse, sketches, and tales, and he published
his first volume of poems, Legends of New
England, in 1831. In 1832, however, a failed romance, ill health, and the
discouragement he felt over his lack of literary recognition caused him to
resign and return to Haverhill. |
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ÀÛ°¡À̸ç ÀεµÁÖÀÇÀÚ(1843~65), ±×¸®°í ÄùÀÌÄ¿ ½ÃÀÎ(1866~92)À̾ú´Ù.
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¡´´ºÀ×±Û·£µå À§Å¬¸® ¸®ºä New England Weekly Review¡µÀÇ ÆíÁýÀåÀÌ
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ÀÌÀ¯µµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
| Deciding that his rebuffs had been
caused by personal vanity, Whittier resolved to devote himself to more
altruistic activities, and he soon embraced Garrisonian Abolitionism. His fiery
antislavery pamphlet "Justice and Expediency" made him prominent in
the Abolitionist movement, and for a decade he was probably its most influential
writer. He served a term in the Massachusetts legislature, spoke at antislavery
meetings, and edited the Pennsylvania
Freeman (1838-40) in Philadelphia. In 1840 he returned to live in Amesbury
with his mother, aunt, and sister. |
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À̸ð, ±×¸®°í ´©ÀÌ¿Í ÇÔ²² ¿¡ÀÓ½º¹ö¸®¿¡¼ »ì¾Ò´Ù. |
| By 1843 Whittier had broken with
Garrison, having decided that Abolitionist goals could be better accomplished
through regular political channels. He became more active in literature, in
which new avenues of publication were now open to him. In the next two decades
he matured as a poet, publishing numerous volumes of verse, among them Lays of My Home (1843), Voices
of Freedom (1846), Songs of Labor
(1850), The Panorama (1856), and Home
Ballads and Poems (1860). Among his best-known poems of this period is
"Maud Muller" (1854), with its lines "Of all sad words of tongue
and pen/ The saddest are these, 'It might have been' ". Most of his
literary prose, including his one novel, Leaves
from Margaret Smith's Journal (1849), was also published during this time,
along with numerous articles and reviews. |
1843³â¿¡ ÈÖÆ¼¾î´Â ÀÌ¹Ì °³¸®½¼°ú
Àý±³ÇßÁö¸¸, ¸µÄÁÀ» ºñ·ÔÇÏ¿© ³ë¿¹Á¦¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â Èĺ¸ÀÚ ¹×
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Á»´õ Àû±ØÀûÀ¸·Î Ȱµ¿ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1843³â¿¡ ±×´Â È£¼Õ ¹×
Æ÷¿Í ÇÔ²² ·ÎÀ£ÀÇ »õ ÀâÁö ¡´ÆÄÀ̾î´Ï¾î The Pioneer¡µ¿¡
±â°íÇß°í, ¡´³» °íÇâÀÇ ³ë·¡µé Lays of My Home¡µÀ» ÃâÆÇÇß´Ù.
±×ÈÄ 20³â µ¿¾È 8±ÇÀÇ ½ÃÁýÀ» Ãâ°£Çߴµ¥, ¿©±â¿¡´Â ¡´³ëµ¿¿ä
Songs of Labor¡µ(1850)¡¤¡´¸ðµå ¸Ö·¯ Maud Muller¡µ(1854)¡¤¡´¸Ç¹ßÀÇ
¼Ò³â The Barefoot Boy¡µ(1855)¡¤¡´¹Ù¹ö¶ó ÇÁ¸®Ä¡ Barbara Frietchie¡µ(1863)
µîÀÇ ½Ã°¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÀåÆí¼Ò¼³ ¡´¸¶°Å¸´
½º¹Ì½ºÀÇ ÀϱâÀå Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal¡µ(1849)À»
ºñ·ÔÇÑ ±×ÀÇ »ê¹® ÀÛǰÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ³í¼³°ú Æò·Ðµµ ¸¹ÀÌ ½è´Ù. |
| Whittier's mother and his beloved
younger sister died in the period from 1857 to 1864, but his personal grief,
combined with the larger national grief of the Civil War, furthered his literary
maturity. The publication in 1866 of his best-known poem, the winter idyll Snow-Bound,
was followed by other triumphs in the verse collections The
Tent on the Beach (1867), Among the
Hills (1868), and The Pennsylvania
Pilgrim (1872). Whittier's 70th birthday was celebrated at a dinner attended
by almost every prominent American writer, and his 80th birthday became an
occasion for national celebration. |
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°üÇÑ Á¤º¸¿ø(ï×ÜÃê¹)ÀÎ Á¶½´¾Æ ÄÚÇÉ, ±×¸®°í ±×°¡
»ç¶ûÇÏ´ø ´©À̵¿»ý ¿¤¸®ÀÚº£½ºÀÇ Á×À½À» °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù.
¿¤¸®ÀÚº£½º´Â ¾î¸Ó´Ï¿Í ´õºÒ¾î ±×¿¡°Ô Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£
»ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ª¶ó¿Í °³ÀÎÀÇ ½½ÇÄÀº ±×ÀÇ ¹®ÇÐÀ»
´õ¿í ¼º¼÷½ÃÄ×´Ù. 1866³â¿¡ ±×ÀÇ °¡Àå À¯¸íÇÑ ½ÃÁý ¡´´«
¼Ó¿¡ °¤Çô Snow-Bound¡µ°¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ µ¥ ÀÌ¾î ¡´Çغ¯ÀÇ ÅÙÆ® The
Tent on the Beach¡µ(1867)¡¤¡´¾ð´öµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ Among the Hills¡µ(1868)¡¤¡´Ææ½Çº£À̴ϾÆÀÇ
Çʱ׸² The Pennsylvania Pilgrim¡µ(1872)ÀÌ ÀÕµû¶ó ¼º°øÀ»
°ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù. ÈÖÆ¼¾î´Â »ý¾ÖÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» °¡³ÇÏ°Ô »ì¾ÒÁö¸¸,
¡´´« ¼Ó¿¡ °¤Çô¡µ·Î 1¸¸ ´Þ·¯¸¦ ¹ú¾ú°í, Á×À» ¶§´Â ģô°ú
Ä£±¸ ¹× ÀÚ¼± ´Üü¿¡ 13¸¸ 4,000´Þ·¯ÀÇ À¯»êÀ» ³²°å´Ù. ±×´Â
º¸½ºÅÏÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ 'Åä¿ä Ŭ·´' ȸ¿øÀ̾ú°í, 70ȸ »ýÀϰú 80ȸ
»ýÀÏÀº ¹®´ÜÀÇ Å« Çà»ç¿´´Ù. |
| After outgrowing the Romantic verse he
wrote in imitation of Robert Burns, Whittier became an eloquent advocate of
justice, tolerance, and liberal humanitarianism. The lofty spiritual and moral
values he proclaimed earned him the title of "America's finest religious
poet," and many of his poems are still sung as church hymns by various
denominations. After the Civil War he changed his focus, depicting nature and
homely incidents in rural life. Whittier's verse is often marred by
sentimentality, poor technique, or excessive preaching, but his best poems are
still read on account of their moral beauty and simple sentiments. He was not a
literary figure of the highest stature but was nevertheless an important voice
of his age. |
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