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Turner, Nat
(b. Oct. 2, 1800, Southampton county, Va., U.S.--d. Nov. 11, 1831, Jerusalem,
Va.), black American bondsman who led the only effective, sustained slave
rebellion (August 1831) in U.S. history. Spreading terror throughout the
white South, his action set off a new wave of oppressive legislation prohibiting
the education, movement, and assembly of slaves and stiffened proslavery,
antiabolitionist convictions that persisted in that region until the American
Civil War (1861-65). (see also slave rebellions)
Turner was born the property of a
prosperous small-plantation owner in a remote area of Virginia. His mother was
an African native who transmitted a passionate hatred of slavery to her son. He
learned to read from one of his master's sons, and he eagerly absorbed intensive
religious training. In the early 1820s he was sold to a neighbouring farmer of
small means. During the following decade his religious ardour tended to approach
fanaticism, and he saw himself called upon by God to lead his people out of
bondage. He began to exert a powerful influence on many of the nearby slaves,
who called him "the Prophet."
In 1831, shortly after he had been sold
again--this time to a craftsman named Joseph Travis--a sign in the form of an
eclipse of the Sun caused Turner to believe that the hour to strike was near.
His plan was to capture the armoury at the county seat, Jerusalem, and, having
gathered many recruits, to press on to the Dismal Swamp, 30 miles (48 km) to the
east, where capture would be difficult. On the night of August 21, together with
seven fellow slaves in whom he had put his trust, he launched a campaign of
total annihilation, murdering Travis and his family in their sleep and then
setting forth on a bloody march toward Jerusalem. In two days and nights about
60 white people were ruthlessly slain. Doomed from the start, Turner's
insurrection was handicapped by lack of discipline among his followers and by
the fact that only 75 blacks rallied to his cause. Armed resistance from the
local whites and the arrival of the state militia--a total force of 3,000
men--provided the final crushing blow. Only a few miles from the county seat the
insurgents were dispersed and either killed or captured, and many innocent
slaves were massacred in the hysteria that followed. Turner eluded his pursuers
for six weeks but was finally captured, tried, and hanged.
Nat Turner's rebellion put an end to the
white Southern myth that slaves were either contented with their lot or too
servile to mount an armed revolt. In Southampton county black people came to
measure time from "Nat's Fray," or "Old Nat's War." For many
years in black churches throughout the country, the name Jerusalem referred not
only to the Bible but also covertly to the place where the rebel slave had met
his death.
Turner has been most widely popularized
by William Styron in his novel The
Confessions of Nat Turner (1967).
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
F. Roy Johnson, The Nat Turner Slave Insurrection (1966); Stephen B. Oates, The
Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turner's Fierce Rebellion (1975, reissued 1990).
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