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slave rebellions,
in American history, periodic acts of violent resistance by black slaves
during more than two centuries of chattel slavery,
signifying continual deep-rooted discontent with the condition of bondage
and resulting in ever more stringent mechanisms for social control and
repression in slaveholding areas.
The myth of the "contented
slave" was essential to the preservation of the
South's "peculiar institution," and the historical record
of rebellions was frequently clouded by exaggeration, censorship, and
distortion. Estimates of the total number of slave revolts vary according to
the definition of insurrection. For the two centuries preceding the American
Civil War (1861-65), one historian found documentary evidence of more than
250 uprisings or attempted uprisings involving 10 or more slaves whose aim
was personal freedom. Few of these, however, were systematically planned,
and most were merely spontaneous and quite short-lived disturbances by small
groups of slaves. Such rebellions were usually attempted by male bondsmen
and were often betrayed by house servants who identified more closely with
their masters.
Three rebellions or attempted
rebellions by slaves do deserve special notice, however. The first
large-scale conspiracy was conceived by Gabriel (q.v.) in the summer of 1800. On August 30 more than 1,000 armed
slaves massed for action near Richmond, Va., but were thwarted by a violent
rainstorm. The slaves were forced to disband, and 35 were hanged, including Gabriel.
The only free person to lead a rebellion was Denmark
Vesey (q.v.), an urban artisan of Charleston, S.C. Vesey's rebellion (1822) was to have involved, according to some
accounts, as many as 9,000 slaves from the surrounding area, but the
conspiracy was betrayed in June before the plan could be effected. As a
result 139 blacks were arrested, of whom 37 (including Vesey) were hanged
and 32 exiled before the end of the summer. The third notable slave
rebellion was led by Nat Turner (q.v.),
at Southampton county, Va., in the summer of 1831. On the evening of August
21 a band of 6 slaves started their crusade against bondage, killing a total
of 57 whites and attracting up to 70 fellow slaves to the conspiracy during
the next few days. On the 24th, hundreds of militia and volunteers stopped
the rebels near Jerusalem, the county seat, killing at least 40 and probably
nearer 100. Turner was hanged on November
11. As usual, a new wave of unrest spread through the South, accompanied by
corresponding fear among slaveholders and passage of more repressive
legislation directed against both slaves and free blacks. These measures
were aimed particularly at restricting the education of blacks, their
freedom of movement and assembly, and the circulation of inflammatory
printed material.
In the decades preceding the
American Civil War, increasing numbers of discontented slaves escaped to the
North or to Canada via the Underground Railroad (q.v.).
Publicity in the North concerning black rebellions and the influx of
fugitive slaves helped to arouse wider sympathy for the plight of the slave
and support for the Abolition Movement (see
abolitionism ). |
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