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personal-liberty laws, in U.S. history, pre-Civil War laws
passed by Northern state governments to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive
Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the
North.
Contravening the Fugitive Slave Act of
1793, which did not provide for trial by jury,
Indiana (1824) and Connecticut (1828) enacted laws making jury trials for
escaped slaves possible upon appeal. In 1840 Vermont and New York granted
fugitives the right of jury trial and provided them with attorneys. After 1842,
when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act was
a federal function, some Northern state governments passed laws forbidding state
authorities to cooperate in the capture and return of fugitives. In the reaction
to the Fugitive Slave Act contained in the Compromise
of 1850, most Northern states provided further guarantees of jury trial,
authorized severe punishment for illegal seizure and perjury against alleged
fugitives, and forbade state authorities to recognize claims to fugitives. These
laws were among the many assaults on states' rights cited as a justification for
secession by South Carolina in 1860.
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