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Abolitionism
Jesusi.com
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Garrison, William
Lloyd
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°³¸®½¼
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about Garrison |
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Garrison, William
Lloyd (b. Dec. 10/12, 1805, Newburyport, Mass.,
U.S.--d. May 24, 1879, New York City), U.S. journalistic crusader who published
a newspaper, The
Liberator (1831-65), and helped lead the successful Abolitionist
campaign against slavery in the United States.
Garrison
was the son of an itinerant seaman who
subsequently deserted his family. The son grew up in an atmosphere of declining
New England Federalism and lively Christian benevolence--twin sources of the
Abolitionist movement, which he joined at the age of 25. As editor of the National
Philanthropist (Boston) in 1828 and the Journal
of the Times (Bennington, Vt.) in 1828-29, he served his apprenticeship in
the moral reform cause. In 1829, with a pioneer Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy, in
Baltimore, he became co-editor of the Genius
of Universal Emancipation; he also served a short term in jail for libelling
a Newburyport merchant who was engaged in the coastal slave trade. Released in
June 1830, Garrison returned to
Boston and, a year later, established The
Liberator, which became known as the most uncompromising of American
anti-slavery journals. In the first issue of The Liberator he stated his views on slavery vehemently:
"I do
not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation . . . . I am in
earnest--I will not equivocate--I will not excuse--I will not retreat a single
inch--AND I WILL BE HEARD."
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°³¸®½¼ (William Lloyd Garrison). 1805. 12. 10/12 ¹Ì±¹ ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷
´º¹ö¸®Æ÷Æ®~1879. 5. 24 ´º¿å.
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¾ð·Ð°¡ÀÌ¸ç °³Çõ¿îµ¿°¡.
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Like most of the Abolitionists he
recruited, Garrison was a convert
from the American Colonization Society, which advocated the return of free
blacks to Africa, to the principle of "immediate emancipation,"
borrowed from English Abolitionists. "Immediatism," however variously
it was interpreted by American reformers, condemned slavery as a national sin,
called for emancipation at the earliest possible moment, and proposed schemes
for incorporating the freedmen into American society. Through The
Liberator, which circulated widely both in England and the United States, Garrison
soon achieved recognition as the most radical of American anti-slavery
advocates. In 1832 he founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society, the first
immediatist society in the country, and in 1833 he helped organize the American
Anti-Slavery Society, writing its Declaration of Sentiments and serving
as its first corresponding secretary. It was primarily as an editorialist,
however, excoriating slave owners and their moderate opponents alike, that he
became known and feared. "If those who deserve the lash feel it and wince
at it," he wrote in explaining his refusal to alter his harsh tone, "I
shall be assured that I am striking the right persons in the right place."
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°³¸®½¼Àº óÀ½¿¡´Â ¹Ì±¹½Ä¹ÎÇùȸ(American
Colonization Society)ÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» ÁöÁöÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ Çùȸ´Â ¿µ±¹
³ë¿¹Á¦ ÆóÁö·ÐÀÚµéÀÇ 'Áï½ÃÇØ¹æ' ¿øÄ¢À» º»¶°
ÇØ¹æ³ë¿¹µéÀ» ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«·Î µ¹·Áº¸³¾ °ÍÀ» ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ÀÌ 'Áï½ÃÁÖÀÇ'´Â
´ëü·Î ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¸¦ ±¹°¡Àû Á˾ÇÀ̶ó ºñ³Çϰí,
ÈæÀγ뿹µéÀ» °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ »¡¸® ÇØ¹æ½ÃÄÑ ¹Ì±¹ »çȸ¿¡
Èí¼öµÉ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °èȹ¾ÈÀ» ¼¼¿ï °ÍÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â
¿øÄ¢ÀÌ´Ù. °³¸®½¼Àº ¿µ±¹°ú ¹Ì±¹ µÎ ³ª¶ó¿¡ ³Î¸® º¸±ÞµÈ
¡´¸®¹ö·¹ÀÌÅÍ¡µ¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ³ë¿¹Á¦ ÆóÁö·ÐÀÚµé
°¡¿îµ¥¼ °¡Àå ±ÞÁøÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1832³â
¹Ì±¹ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Áï½ÃÁÖÀÇÀÚ ´ÜüÀÎ ´ºÀ×±Û·£µå
³ë¿¹Á¦ÆóÁöÇùȸ(New England Anti-Slavery Society)¸¦ °á¼ºÇϰí, 1833³â¿¡´Â
¹Ì±¹³ë¿¹Á¦ÆóÁöÇùȸ(American
Anti Slavery Society)¸¦ Á¶Á÷ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ» µµ¿Í ÃëÁö¹®À» ¾²°í
¿¬¶ô´ã´ç°üÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ³í¼³°¡·Î¼ ³ë¿¹ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚµéÀ̳ª
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Åë·ÄÈ÷ ºñ³ÇÏ¿© µÎ·Á¿òÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í À¯¸íÇØÁ³´Ù.
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In 1837, in the wake of financial panic
and the failure of Abolitionist campaigns to gain support in the North, Garrison
renounced church and state and embraced doctrines of Christian "perfectionism,"
which combined Abolition, women's
rights, and nonresistance, in the biblical
injunction to "come out" from a corrupt society by refusing to obey
its laws and support its institutions. From this blend of pacificism and
anarchism came the Garrisonian principle of "No Union With
Slaveholders," formulated in 1844 as a demand for peaceful Northern
secession from a slaveholding South.
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1837³â¿¡ ±ÝÀ¶°øÈ²ÀÌ ÀϾ°í ³ë¿¹Á¦ÆóÁö¿îµ¿ÀÌ
ºÏºÎ¿¡¼ ÁöÁö¸¦ ¾òÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó °³¸®½¼Àº ±³È¸¡¤Á¤ºÎ¿ÍÀÇ
°ü°è¸¦ ²÷¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ '¿ÏÀüÁÖÀÇ' ±³¸®¸¦
¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ±³¸®´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¹ý·ü°ú Á¦µµ¸¦
°ÅºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ºÎÆÐÇÑ »çȸ¿¡¼ "¶ÙÃÄ ³ª¿À¶ó"´Â
¼º°æ ±¸Àý¿¡ µû¶ó ³ë¿¹Á¦ ÆóÁö¿îµ¿¡¤¿©¼º¿îµ¿¡¤¹«ÀúÇ׿À»
°áÇÕ½ÃŲ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÆòÈÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ °áÇÕÀ¸·Î '³ë¿¹
¼ÒÀ¯ÁÖµé°ú´Â ¼ÕÀâÁö ¸»¶ó'´Â °³¸®½¼ ¿øÄ¢ÀÌ ³ª¿À°Ô
µÇ¾ú°í, ÀÌ ¿øÄ¢Àº 1844³â ³ë¿¹¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ ³²ºÎ¿¡¼ ºÏºÎ¸¦
ÆòÈÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ¸®ÇÏÀÚ´Â ¿ä±¸·Î ±¸Ã¼ÈµÆ´Ù. |
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By 1840 Garrison's increasingly personal definition of the slavery problem
had precipitated a crisis within the American Anti-Slavery Society, a majority
of whose members disapproved of both the participation of women and Garrison's
no-government theories. Dissension reached a climax in 1840, when the
Garrisonians voted a series of resolutions admitting women and thus forced their
conservative opponents to secede and form the rival American and Foreign
Anti-Slavery Society. Later that year a group of politically minded
Abolitionists also deserted Garrison's
standard and founded the Liberty Party. Thus, 1840 witnessed the disruption of
the national organization and left Garrison
in control of a relative handful of followers loyal to his
"come-outer" doctrine but deprived of the support of new anti-slavery
converts and of the Northern reform community at large.
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1840³â°æ ³ë¿¹Á¦ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³¸®½¼ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ
°áÁ¤±ÇÀÌ Á¡Á¡ Ä¿Áü¿¡ µû¶ó ¿©¼ºÀÇ Âü¿©¿Í °³¸®½¼ÀÇ
¹«Á¤ºÎÀ̷п¡ ´ëÇØ Âù¼ºÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´ë´Ù¼ö¸¦
ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ´ø ¹Ì±¹³ë¿¹Á¦ÆóÁöÇùȸ ³»ºÎ¿¡¼ À§±â°¡
ÀϾ´Ù. Çùȸ ³»ÀÇ ºÒÈ´Â 1840³â¿¡ ÀýÁ¤¿¡ ´ÞÇØ °³¸®½¼
ÁöÁöÆÄµéÀÌ Çùȸ¿¡ ¿©¼ºÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ °áÀÇ¿¡
Âù¼ºÇ¥¸¦ ´øÁöÀÚ º¸¼öÀûÀÎ ¹Ý´ëÆÄµéÀÌ Å»ÅðÇØ ¹Ì±¹°ú
ÇØ¿Ü³ë¿¹Á¦ÆóÁöÇùȸ(American and Foreign Anti Slavery Society)¶ó´Â
°æÀï ´Üü¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ¶Ç ±×ÇØ¸» Á¤Ä¡ ¼ºÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Â
ÆóÁö·ÐÀÚµéÀº °³¸®½¼ÀÇ ±Ô¹üÀ» ¹ö¸®°í ÀÚÀ¯´çÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.
µû¶ó¼ 1840³â¿¡´Â ³ë¿¹Á¦ ÆóÁö¿îµ¿ÀÇ Àü±¹ Á¶Á÷ÀÌ
ºØ±«µÇ¾ú°í, °³¸®½¼Àº ±×ÀÇ 'Å»ÅðÀÚ' À̷п¡ Ãæ½ÇÇÑ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ
ÃßÁ¾Àڵ鸸 °ü¸®ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ³ë¿¹Á¦ÆóÁö¿îµ¿¿¡ »õ·Î
°¡´ãÇÏ°Ô µÈ »ç¶÷µéÀ̳ª ºÏºÎ °³Çõ°¡µéÀÇ ÁöÁö´Â ´ëü·Î
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In the two decades between the schism of
1840 and the Civil War, Garrison's
influence waned as his radicalism increased. The decade before the war saw his
opposition to slavery and to the federal government reach its peak: The
Liberator denounced the Compromise of 1850, condemned the Kansas-Nebraska
Act, damned the Dred Scott decision, and hailed John Brown's raid as "God's
method of dealing retribution upon the head of the tyrant." In 1854 Garrison
publicly burned a copy of the Constitution at an Abolitionist rally in
Framingham, Mass. Three years later he held an abortive secessionist convention
in Worcester, Mass.
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ÇùȸÀÇ ºÐ¿ÀÌ ÀÏ¾î³ 1840³âºÎÅÍ ³²ºÏÀüÀï±îÁöÀÇ 20³â
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¿µÇâ·ÂÀº Á¡Á¡ ¼èÅðÇß´Ù. ³²ºÏÀüÀï ÀüÀÇ 10³â µ¿¾È
³ë¿¹Á¦¿Í ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ¹Ý´ë´Â ÀýÁ¤¿¡ ´ÞÇß´Ù.
¡´¸®¹ö·¹ÀÌÅÍ¡µ´Â 1850³â ŸÇù°ú ĵÀÚ½º-³×ºê·¡½ºÄ« ¹ý,
±×¸®°í µå·¹µå ½ºÄà ÆÇ°áÀ» ºñ³ÇßÀ¸¸ç ³ë¿¹Á¦ ÆóÁö·ÐÀÚ
Á¸ ºê¶ó¿îÀÌ ¹úÀÎ ½À°Ý»ç°ÇÀ» 'Æø±ºÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ³»¸° ½Å(ãê)ÀÇ
õ¹ú'À̶ó°í ȯȣÇß´Ù. 1854³â °³¸®½¼Àº ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷ ÁÖÀÇ
ÇÁ·¡¹ÖÇÜ¿¡¼ ¿¸° ³ë¿¹Á¦ ÆóÁö·ÐÀÚµéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓ¿¡¼ Çå¹ýÀÇ
»çº»À» °ø°³·Î ºÒÅ¿ü´Ù. ¶Ç 3³â µÚ¿¡´Â ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷ ÁÖÀÇ
¿ì½ºÅÍ¿¡¼ ºÐ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÚ ÃÑȸ¸¦ °³ÃÖÇÏ·Á ÇßÀ¸³ª ½ÇÆÐÇß´Ù.
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The Civil War forced Garrison to choose between his pacifist beliefs and emancipation.
Placing freedom for the slave foremost, he supported Abraham Lincoln faithfully
and in 1863 welcomed the Emancipation Proclamation as the fulfillment of all his
hopes. Emancipation brought to the surface the latent conservatism in his
program for the freedmen, whose political rights he was not prepared to
guarantee immediately. In 1865 he attempted without success to dissolve the
American Anti-Slavery Society and then resigned. In December 1865 he published
the last issue of The Liberator and
announced that "my vocation as an abolitionist is ended." He spent his
last 14 years in retirement from public affairs, regularly supporting the
Republican Party and continuing to champion temperance, women's rights,
pacifism, and free trade. "It is enough for me," he explained in
justifying his refusal to participate in radical equalitarian politics,
"that every yoke is broken, and every bondman set free." (
J.L.T.) (see also American
Civil War)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The standard biography is Wendell P. and
Francis J. Garrison, William
Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879: The Story of His Life Told by His Children, 4
vol. (1885-89). Still useful are two contemporary accounts by Oliver Johnson, William
Lloyd Garrison and His Times (1879); and by Samuel J. May, Some
Recollections of Our Antislavery Conflict (1869); as well as the sympathetic
neo-abolitionist essay by John Jay Chapman, William
Lloyd Garrison (1913). Later
estimates include Russell B. Nye, William
Lloyd Garrison and the Humanitarian
Reformers (1955); Walter M. Merrill, Against
Wind and Tide: A Biography of William Lloyd Garrison (1963); and John L. Thomas, The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison
(1963).
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