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Freetown,
capital, chief port, and largest city of Sierra Leone, on the rocky Sierra Leone
Peninsula, at the seaward tip of a range of wooded hills, which were named Serra
Leôa ("Lion Mountains") by the Portuguese navigator Pedro da
Sintra when he explored the West African coast in 1462. By the 1650s the
increased activity of British, French, Dutch, and Danish trading companies ended
the limited degree of Portuguese control over the coastal trade. An English abolitionist,
Granville Sharp, selected the site (south of the
mouth of the Sierra Leone River) in 1787 as a haven for African slaves, freed
and destitute in England. (They were known as the Black Poor.) In 1792 the
Sierra Leone Company assumed responsibility and helped settle slaves from Nova
Scotia who had fought for the British in the American Revolutionary War, the
"Maroons," runaway slaves of Jamaica, and others from captured slave
ships. They were landed at King Jimmy's Watering Place (now a bustling
marketplace). Their descendants, known as Creoles, are now outnumbered by Mende
and Temne immigrants from the interior. In 1821 Freetown became the seat of
government for all of Great Britain's West African possessions, a position it
retained (with slight changes) until 1874. Freetown, incorporated as a
municipality in 1893, became the nation's capital in 1961.
Freetown's excellent natural harbour (an
important World War II naval base) has deep-water docking facilities at the
Queen Elizabeth II Quay. Its exports include palm oil and kernels, cocoa,
coffee, ginger, and kola nuts. The city is the nation's commercial and
transportation centre; industrial enterprises are limited and include diamond
cutting, confectionary, paint and shoe enterprises, rice milling, and fish
packing. Construction of the Guma Dam has solved Freeport's longtime water
problem and provided more electrical power. Hastings Airfield (10 miles [16 km]
southeast) handles domestic flights; the international airport at Lungi is
across the Sierra Leone River.
Freetown is the site of Fourah Bay
College on Mount Aureol (founded 1827, part of the University of Sierra Leone,
1969), Njala University College (1963), the Milton Margai Teachers College at
nearby Goderich (1960), a teachers college, a technical institute, and several
government and Christian and Muslim secondary schools. Fort Thornton (1796), now
the State House and residence of the president, and the House of Representatives
stand on Tower Hill.
There are several mosques and churches,
notably the Anglican St. George's Cathedral (1852). The National Museum, housed
in the former Cotton Tree Railroad Station, contains historical documents and
traditional wood and stone sculptures. Pop. (1985 prelim.) 469,776.
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