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Emancipation
Proclamation,
edict issued by U.S. President Abraham
Lincoln on Jan. 1, 1863, that freed the slaves of the Confederate states
in rebellion against the Union.
Before the start of the American
Civil War many people and leaders of the North had been primarily
concerned merely with stopping the extension of slavery into western territories
that would eventually achieve statehood within the Union. With the secession of
the Southern states and the consequent start of the Civil War, however, the
continued tolerance of Southern slavery by
Northerners seemed no longer to serve any constructive political purpose.
Emancipation thus quickly changed from a distant possibility to an imminent and
feasible eventuality. Lincoln had declared that he meant to save the Union as
best he could--by preserving slavery, by
destroying it, or by destroying part and preserving part. Just after the Battle
of Antietam (Sept. 17, 1862) he issued his proclamation calling on the revolted
states to return to their allegiance before the next year, otherwise their
slaves would be declared free men. No state returned, and the threatened
declaration was issued on Jan. 1, 1863.
As president, Lincoln could issue no
such declaration; as commander in chief of the armies and navies of the United
States he could issue directions only as to the territory within his lines; but
the Emancipation Proclamation applied only to territory outside of his lines. It
has therefore been debated whether the proclamation was in reality of any force.
It may fairly be taken as an announcement of the policy that was to guide the
army and as a declaration of freedom taking effect as the lines advanced. At all
events, this was its exact effect.
Its international importance was far
greater. The locking up of the world's source of cotton supply had been a
general calamity, and the Confederate government and people had steadily
expected that the English and French governments would intervene in the war. The
conversion of the struggle into a crusade against slavery made European
intervention impossible.
The Emancipation Proclamation did more
than lift the war to the level of a crusade for human freedom. It brought some
substantial practical results, because it allowed the Union to recruit black
soldiers. To this invitation to join the army the blacks responded in
considerable numbers, nearly 180,000 of them enlisting during the remainder of
the war. By Aug. 26, 1863, Lincoln could report, in a letter to James C.
Conkling, that "the emancipation policy, and the use of colored troops,
constitute the heaviest blow yet dealt to the rebellion."
Two months before the war ended--in
February 1865--Lincoln told portrait painter Francis B. Carpenter that the
Emancipation Proclamation was "the central act of my administration, and
the greatest event of the nineteenth century." To Lincoln and to his
countrymen it had become evident that the proclamation had dealt a deathblow to
slavery in the United States, a fate that was officially sealed by the
ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865.
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