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American Anti-Slavery
Society (1833-70), promoter, with its state and local
auxiliaries, of the cause of immediate abolition of slavery in the United
States.
As the main activist arm of the
Abolition Movement (see abolitionism )), the society was founded in 1833 under the
leadership of William Lloyd Garrison. By 1840
its auxiliary societies numbered 2,000, with a total membership ranging from
150,000 to 200,000. The societies sponsored meetings, adopted resolutions,
signed antislavery petitions to be sent to Congress, published journals and
enlisted subscriptions, printed and distributed propaganda in vast quantities,
and sent out agents and lecturers (70 in 1836 alone) to carry the antislavery
message to Northern audiences.
Participants in the societies were drawn
mainly from religious circles (e.g.,
Theodore Dwight Weld) and philanthropic backgrounds (e.g., businessmen Arthur and Lewis Tappan and lawyer Wendell
Phillips), as well as from the free black community, with six blacks serving on
the first Board of Managers. The society's public meetings were most effective
when featuring the eloquent testimony of former slaves like Frederick
Douglass or William Wells Brown . The
society's antislavery activities frequently met with violent public opposition,
with mobs invading meetings, attacking speakers, and burning presses.
In 1839 the national organization split
over basic differences of approach: Garrison and his followers were more radical
than other members; they denounced the U.S. Constitution as supportive of
slavery and insisted on sharing organizational responsibility with women. The
less radical wing, led by the Tappan brothers, formed the American
and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which advocated moral suasion and
political action and led directly to the birth of the Liberty
Party (q.v.) in 1840. Because of this cleavage in national leadership, the
bulk of the activity in the 1840s and '50s was carried on by state and local
societies. The antislavery issue entered the mainstream of American politics
through the Free-Soil Party (1848-54) and
subsequently the Republican Party (founded in
1854). The American Anti-Slavery Society was formally dissolved in 1870, after
the Civil War and Emancipation. (see also Free-Soil
Party)
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