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Wilberforce, William
(b. Aug. 24, 1759, Hull, Yorkshire, Eng.--d. July 29, 1833, London), British
politician and philanthropist who from 1787 was prominent in the struggle to
abolish the slave trade and then to abolish slavery
itself in British overseas possessions.
At Cambridge, where he became a close
friend of the future prime minister William Pitt the Younger, Wilberforce was
known as an amiable companion rather than an outstanding student. In 1780 both
he and Pitt entered the House of Commons, and he soon began to support
parliamentary reform and Roman Catholic political emancipation, acquiring a
reputation for radicalism that later embarrassed him, especially during the
French Revolution, when he was chosen an honorary citizen of France (September
1792). From 1815 he upheld the Corn Laws
(tariffs on imported grain) and repressive measures against working-class
agitation.
Wilberforce's abolitionism was derived
in part from evangelical Christianity, to which he was converted in 1784-85. In
1787 he helped to found a society for the "reformation of manners"
called the Proclamation Society (to suppress the publication of obscenity) and
the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade--the latter more
commonly called the Anti-Slavery Society. He and
his associates--Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp, Henry Thornton, Charles Grant,
Edward James Eliot, Zachary Macaulay, and James Stephen--were first called the
Saints and afterward (from 1797) the Clapham Sect,
of which Wilberforce was the acknowledged leader. In the House of Commons,
Wilberforce was an eloquent and indefatigable sponsor of antislavery
legislation. He achieved his first success on March 25, 1807, when a bill to
abolish the slave trade in the British West Indies became law. This statute,
however, did not change the legal position of persons enslaved before its
enactment, and so, after several years in which Wilberforce was concerned with
other issues, he and Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton
urged (from 1821) the immediate emancipation of all slaves. In 1823 he aided in
organizing and became a vice president of the Society for the Mitigation and
Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions--again, more
commonly called the Anti-Slavery Society.
Turning over to Buxton the parliamentary leadership of the abolition movement,
he retired from the House of Commons in 1825; the Slavery Abolition Act he had
sought was passed one month after his death.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Biographies include Robert Isaac
Wilberforce and Samuel Wilberforce, The
Life of William Wilberforce, 5 vol. (1838, reprinted 1972); Reginald
Coupland, Wilberforce (1923, reprinted
1968); Oliver Warner, William Wilberforce
and His Times (1962); Robin Furneaux, William Wilberforce (1974); John Pollock, Wilberforce (1977, reissued 1986); and Garth Lean, God's
Politician: William Wilberforce's Struggle (1980).
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