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Tubman, Harriet
(b. c.
1820, Dorchester county, Md., U.S.--d. March 10, 1913, Auburn, N.Y.), black
American bondwoman who escaped from slavery in the South to become a leading
abolitionist (see abolitionism
) before the American Civil War. She came to be known as the "Moses
of her people" as she led hundreds of bondsmen to freedom in the North
along the route of the Underground Railroad --an elaborate secret network of safe houses
organized for that purpose.
In 1849 Tubman escaped from a plantation
on the eastern shore of Maryland and made her way north by the Underground
Railroad. In 1850 she returned to Maryland to guide members of her family north
to freedom. She soon became one of the "railroad's" most active
"conductors," making frequent trips into the South to bring out
escaping slaves. Despite huge rewards offered for her capture, she helped more
than 300 slaves to escape. She maintained military discipline among her
followers, often forcing the weary or the fainthearted ahead by threatening them
with a loaded revolver.
A devout Christian who relied on God for
her strength and guidance, Tubman became a friend of many of the best-known
abolitionists and their sympathizers. John Brown refers to her in his letters as
"one of the best and bravest persons on this continent--General
Tubman as we call her."
During the Civil War Tubman served as a
nurse, laundress, and spy with the Federal forces along the coast of South
Carolina. After the war she made her home in Auburn, N.Y., and, despite numerous
honours, spent her last years in poverty. Not until 30 years after the war was
she granted a government pension in recognition of her work for the Federal
Army. (see also American
Civil War)
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Earl Conrad, Harriet Tubman (1943, reissued 1969).
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