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Truth, Sojourner,
legal name ISABELLA VAN WAGENER (b. c.
1797, Ulster county, N.Y., U.S.--d. Nov. 26, 1883, Battle Creek, Mich.), black
American evangelist and reformer who applied her religious fervour to the
abolitionist and women's rights movements.
Isabella was born into slavery and spent
her childhood as an abused chattel of several masters. Her first language was
Dutch. Between 1810 and 1827 she bore at least five children to a fellow slave
named Thomas. Just before New York state abolished slavery in 1827, she found
refuge with Isaac Van Wagener, who set her free. With the help of Quaker
friends, she waged a court battle in which she recovered her small son, who had
been sold illegally into slavery in the South. About 1829 she went to New York
City with her two youngest children, supporting herself through domestic
employment.
Since childhood Isabella had had visions
and heard voices, which she attributed to God. In New York City she became
associated with Elijah Pierson, a zealous religious missionary. Working and
preaching in the streets, she joined his Retrenchment Society and eventually his
household.
In 1843 she left New York City and took
the name Sojourner Truth, which she used from then on. Obeying a supernatural
call to "travel up and down the land," she sang, preached, and debated
at camp meetings, in churches, and on village streets, exhorting her listeners
to accept the biblical message of God's goodness and the brotherhood of man. In
the same year, she was introduced to abolitionism at
a utopian community in Northampton, Mass., and thereafter spoke in behalf of the
movement throughout the state. In 1850 she traveled throughout the Midwest,
where her reputation for personal magnetism preceded her and drew heavy crowds.
She supported herself by selling copies of her book, The Narrative of Sojourner Truth, which she had dictated to Olive
Gilbert.
Encountering the women's rights movement
in the early 1850s, and encouraged by other women leaders, notably Lucretia
Mott, she continued to appear before suffrage gatherings for the rest of her
life.
In the 1850s Sojourner Truth settled in
Battle Creek, Mich. At the beginning of the American Civil War, she gathered
supplies for black volunteer regiments and in 1864 went to Washington, D.C.,
where she helped integrate streetcars and was received at the White House by
President Abraham Lincoln. The same year, she accepted an appointment with the
National Freedmen's Relief Association counseling former slaves, particularly in
matters of resettlement. As late as the 1870s she encouraged the migration of
freedmen to Kansas and Missouri. In 1875 she returned to the city of Battle
Creek, where she remained until her death.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Carleton Mabee and Susan Mabee Newhouse,
Sojourner Truth--Slave, Prophet, Legend
(1993); Erlene Stetson and Linda David, Glorying
in Tribulation: The Lifework of Sojourner Truth (1994); Neil Irvin Painter, Sojourner
Truth: A Life, a Symbol (1996).
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Wagener.
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Âü°í¹®Çå (Æ®·ç½º)
- Her Name Was Sojourner Truth : Hertha E. Pauli, 1962(ressued 1976)
- Sojourner Truth : Arthur H. Fauset, 1938(reprinted 1971)
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