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Stevens, Thaddeus
(b. April 4, 1792, Danville, Vt., U.S.--d. Aug. 11, 1868, Washington, D.C.),
U.S. Radical Republican congressional leader during Reconstruction
(1865-77) who battled for freedmen's rights and
insisted on stern requirements for readmission of Southern states into the Union
after the Civil War (1861-65).
Admitted to the Maryland bar, he moved to Pennsylvania to practice law in
1816. Having witnessed the oppressive slave system at close range, he early
developed a fierce hatred of bondage and defended numbers of fugitives without
fee. An anti-Masonic member of the state legislature (1833-41), he proved
himself a friend of banks, internal improvements, and public schools and a foe
of Freemasons, Jacksonian Democrats, and slaveholders. Serving as a Whig in the
U.S. House of Representatives (1849-53), he advocated tariff increases and
opposed the fugitive slave provision of the Compromise of 1850.
In the middle of the decade he joined the newly formed Republican Party,
which opposed extension of slavery into the western territories; again he was
elected to Congress (1859-68), where he became, in the words of a fellow member,
the "natural leader, who assumed his place by common consent." He
exerted this leadership by means of his sarcastic eloquence, his parliamentary
skills, and his privileges as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee and later
of the Appropriations Committee.
After the war Stevens emerged as one of the most militant of the Radical Republicans,
consistently striving for justice for the black masses. Alert to the return to
power of traditional white Southern leadership, he argued that the seceded
states were in the condition of "conquered provinces" to which
restraints of the Constitution did not apply.
When Congress met in December 1865, Stevens took the lead in excluding the
traditional senators and representatives from the South. As a member of the
joint Committee on Reconstruction, he played an important part in the
preparation of the Fourteenth (due process) Amendment to the Constitution and
the military reconstruction acts of 1867. Viewing Pres. Andrew Johnson as
"soft" toward the South, he introduced the resolution for his
impeachment (1868) and served as chairman of the committee appointed to draft
impeachment articles. Throughout this period Stevens urged that Southern
plantations be taken from their owners and that part of the land be divided
among freedmen, with proceeds of the balance to be used toward paying off the
national war debt; this confiscation plan failed, however, to gain congressional
support.
In failing health, Stevens requested that he be buried among Negroes resting
in a cemetery in Lancaster, Pa. On his tombstone were carved the words he had
composed, explaining that he had chosen this place so that he might
"illustrate in death" the principle he had "advocated
throughout a long life"; namely, "Equality of man before his Creator."
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