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Missouri Compromise
(1820), in U.S. history, measure worked out between the North and the South and
passed by the U.S. Congress that allowed for admission of Missouri as the 24th
state (1821). It marked the beginning of the prolonged sectional conflict over
the extension of slavery that led to the American
Civil War .
The territory of Missouri first applied
for statehood in 1817, and by early 1819 Congress was considering enabling
legislation that would authorize Missouri to frame a state constitution. When
Representative James Tallmadge of New York attempted to add an antislavery
amendment to that legislation, however, there ensued an ugly and rancorous
debate over slavery and the government's right to restrict slavery. The
Tallmadge amendment prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri
and provided for emancipation of those already there when they reached age 25.
The amendment passed the House of Representatives, controlled by the more
populous North, but failed in the Senate, which was equally divided between free
and slave states. Congress adjourned without resolving the Missouri question.
When it reconvened in December 1819,
Congress was faced with a request for statehood from Maine.
The Senate passed a bill allowing Maine to enter the Union as a free state and
Missouri to be admitted without restrictions on slavery. Senator Jesse B. Thomas
of Illinois then added an amendment that allowed Missouri to become a slave
state but banned slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude
36¡Æ30'. Henry Clay then skillfully led the
forces of compromise, and on March 3, 1820, the decisive vote in the House
admitted Maine as a free state, Missouri as a slave state, and made free soil
all western territories north of Missouri's southern border.
When the Missouri constitutional
convention empowered the state legislature to exclude free blacks and mulattoes,
however, a new crisis was brought on. Enough northern congressmen objected to
the racial provision that Henry Clay was called upon to formulate the Second
Missouri Compromise. On March 2, 1821, Congress stipulated that Missouri could
not gain admission to the Union until it agreed that the exclusionary clause
would never be interpreted in such a way as to abridge the privileges and
immunities of U.S. citizens. Missouri so agreed and became the 24th state on
Aug. 10, 1821; Maine had been admitted the previous March 15.
Although slavery had been a divisive issue in the
United States for decades, never before had sectional antagonism been so overt
and threatening as it was in the Missouri crisis. Thomas Jefferson described the
fear it evoked as "like a firebell in the night." The compromise
measures appeared to settle the slavery-extension issue, however, and the
sectional conflict did not grow to the point of civil war until after the
Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) and was
declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott decision (q.v.)
of 1857. |
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