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Liberty Party,
U.S. political party (1840-48) created by Abolitionists who believed in
political action to further antislavery goals. In opposition to William
Lloyd Garrison and his followers (who scorned political activity as both
futile and sinful in the battle to end slavery), a group of Abolitionists met in
Warsaw, N.Y., to organize the Liberty Party. They nominated James
G. Birney, a Kentuckian and former slaveholder, for president. The
party's first national convention took place at Albany, N.Y., on April 1, 1840,
when Birney's nomination was confirmed.
Liberty Party supporters realized that
the abolition of slavery in the South would not occur through political action.
But they hoped to dramatize the antislavery issue, pressure legislators into
taking firmer antislavery positions, prevent slavery from extending beyond the
states where it existed into the federal territories, and eradicate both the
interstate slave trade and the institution itself within the boundaries of the
nation's capital.
Although the Liberty Party collected
only 7,000 votes in 1840, it raised that total to 62,000 in 1844 (when Birney
was again its candidate), probably denying the state of New York--and with it
the presidency--to Henry Clay. In January 1848 the party nominated John
P. Hale at its convention in New York City. Hale withdrew from the race,
and the Liberty Party dissolved when many of its members joined
"Barnburner" Democrats and "Conscience" Whigs in forming the
Free-Soil Party (Aug. 9, 1848). (see also Free-Soil
Party)
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