Douglass, Frederick
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Douglass, Frederick,
original name FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
WASHINGTON BAILEY (b. Feb. 7, 1817, Tuckahoe, Md., U.S.--d. Feb. 20, 1895,
Washington, D.C.), black American who was one of the most eminent human-rights
leaders of the 19th century. His oratorical and literary brilliance thrust him
into the forefront of the U.S. Abolition movement (see
abolitionism ), and he became the first black
citizen to hold high rank in the U.S. government.
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´õ±Û·¯½º
(Frederick Douglass). º»¸íÀº Frederick Augustus Washington
Bailey.
1817. 2. 7 ¹Ì±¹ ¸Þ¸±·£µå ÅÍĿȣ~1895.
2. 20 ¿ö½ÌÅÏ D. C.
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| Separated as an infant from his slave
mother (he never knew his white father), Frederick lived with his grandmother on
a Maryland plantation until, at the age of eight, his owner sent him to
Baltimore to live as a house servant with the family of Hugh Auld, whose wife
defied state law by teaching the boy to read. But Auld declared that learning
would make him unfit for slavery, and Frederick was forced to continue his
education surreptitiously with the aid of schoolboys in the street. Upon the
death of his master, he was returned to the plantation as a field hand at 16.
Later, he was hired out in Baltimore as a ship caulker. He tried to escape with
three others in 1833, but the plot was discovered before they could get away.
Five years later, however, he fled to New York City and then to New Bedford,
Mass., where he worked as a labourer for three years, eluding slave hunters by
changing his name to Douglass. |
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| At a Nantucket, Mass., antislavery
convention in 1841, Douglass was invited to describe his feelings and
experiences under slavery. These extemporaneous remarks were so poignant and
naturally eloquent that he was unexpectedly catapulted into a new career as
agent for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. From then on, despite heckling
and mockery, insult, and violent personal attack, Douglass never flagged in his
devotion to the Abolitionist cause. |
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Æø·Â¿¡ Á¶±Ýµµ ±ÁÈ÷Áö ¾Ê°í ³ë¿¹ÆóÁö¿îµ¿¿¡ Çå½ÅÇß´Ù. |
| To counter skeptics who doubted that
such an articulate spokesman could ever have been a slave, Douglass felt
impelled to write his autobiography in 1845, revised and completed in 1882 as Life
and Times of Frederick Douglass. Douglass' account became a classic
in American literature as well as a primary source about slavery from the
bondsman's viewpoint. To avoid recapture by his former owner, whose name and
location he had given in the narrative, Douglass left on a two-year speaking
tour of Great Britain and Ireland. Abroad, Douglass helped to win many new
friends for the Abolition Movement and to cement the bonds of humanitarian
reform between the continents. |
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| Douglass returned with funds to purchase
his freedom and also to start his own antislavery newspaper, the North
Star (later Frederick Douglass's Paper), which he published from 1847 to 1860 at
Rochester, N.Y. The Abolition leader William Lloyd
Garrison disagreed with the need for a separate, black-oriented press,
and the two men broke over this issue as well as over Douglass' support of
political action to supplement moral suasion. Thus, after 1851 Douglass allied
himself with the faction of the movement led by James G. Birney. He did not
countenance violence, however, and specifically counselled against the raid on
Harpers Ferry, Va. (October 1859). |
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During the Civil War (1861-65) he became
a consultant to Pres. Abraham Lincoln, advocating that former slaves be armed
for the North and that the war be made a direct confrontation against slavery.
Throughout Reconstruction (1865-77), he fought for full civil rights for
freedmen and vigorously supported the women's rights movement. After Reconstruction, Douglass served as
assistant secretary of the Santo Domingo Commission (1871), and in the District
of Columbia he was marshal (1877-81) and recorder of deeds (1881-86); finally,
he was appointed U.S. minister and consul general to Haiti (1889-91).
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BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Biographical and critical works include Nathan Irvin
Huggins, Slave and Citizen: The Life of
Frederick Douglass, ed. by Oscar Handlin (1980); Dickson J. Preston, Young
Frederick Douglass: The Maryland Years (1980), from his birth to his escape
from slavery in 1838; William S. McFeely, Frederick
Douglass (1991); David W. Blight, Frederick
Douglass' Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (1989), tracing his
intellectual evolution; and Eric J. Sundquist (ed.), Frederick
Douglass: New Literary and Historical Essays (1990). |
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